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Nevertheless, the adipokine profile associated with lifelong physical training in master.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>athletes remains incompletely characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated circulating concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, insulin, and the leptin-to-adiponectin and adiponectin-to-resistin ratios in four male groups: endurance master athletes (ME), master sprinters (MS), untrained middle-aged adults (UMA), and untrained young adults (YU).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ME (n = 17, 50.5 \u00b1 9.6\u00a0years), MS (n = 30, 50.3 \u00b1 6.2\u00a0years), UMA (n = 16, 48.5 \u00b1 7.5\u00a0years), and YU (n = 23, 23.7 \u00b1 4.0\u00a0years) underwent anamnesis, anthropometric assessments, and serum concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and insulin using commercial ELISA kits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant group differences were observed for all variables (p &lt; 0.001). UMA exhibited higher concentrations of leptin, insulin, and resistin, together with an elevated leptin-to-adiponectin ratio and a reduced adiponectin-to-resistin ratio compared with the other groups (p &lt; 0.05). MS also presented higher leptin and insulin levels and an increased leptin-to-adiponectin ratio compared.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>with YU (p &lt; 0.05), as well as a lower adiponectin-to-resistin ratio (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, effect sizes were large across outcomes, and master athletes displayed a more favorable adipokine profile than untrained middle-aged adults, suggesting potential metabolic adaptations associated with lifelong training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Middle-aged master athletes exhibited a more favorable adipokine profile than untrained middle-aged adults, with values approaching those observed in young individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06425-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T12:55:22Z","timestamp":1789217722000},"page":"6501-6508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative adipokine profile in middle-aged master athletes, untrained adults, and young individuals"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Patr\u00edcio Lopes","family":"de Ara\u00fajo Leite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Alves","family":"Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia Cristiane","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2205-4958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella Ferreira Heringer","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vitor Sena","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walliyson Sousa","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus Vinicius Alves","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester Rodrigues","family":"De Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kadson Kau\u00e3 Monteiro","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietra Campbell","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elbert Wander","family":"Cant\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Silvia Grubert","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabela Almeida","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Vanersson Passos","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"dos Santos Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert Gustavo","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"6425_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2019.01.004","volume":"178","author":"E Acquarone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Acquarone E, Monacelli F, Borghi R, Nencioni A, Odetti P (2019) Resistin: a reappraisal. 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