{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T01:09:32Z","timestamp":1789261772040,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant in Aid for Scientific Research","award":["16H01870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16H01870"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to characterize three-dimensional course and orientation of the proximal aponeurosis of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and examine whether local aponeurosis orientations vary with knee-joint angle and relate to fascicle architecture under passive conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three-dimensional ultrasonography of the passive BFlh was performed in eleven healthy adults with knee flexion of 0\u00b0 and 30\u00b0 and hip in neutral (0\u00b0). Aponeurosis orientation was quantified across the visible segmented portion relative to the most transverse proximal slice (0%) within each knee-angle condition and summarized within five longitudinal sections. Fascicle length (FL) was assessed using a two-segment approach and pennation angle (PA; local fascicle\u2013aponeurosis angle) relative to proximal and distal aponeuroses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proximal aponeurosis exhibited a twisted three-dimensional course with substantial inter-individual variability. Local orientation showed a significant section \u00d7 knee angle interaction (p = 0.016), although overall aponeurosis orientation did not differ between knee angles. Fascicles were shorter at 30\u00b0 (\u2212\u20098.8% \u00b1 3.4%). PA-distal was greater than PA-proximal (p &lt; 0.001), with no knee-angle effect (p = 0.197). Knee-angle-dependent changes in aponeurosis orientation were not associated with changes in FL or PA. At 30\u00b0, however, aponeurosis orientation at 40\u201360% section was positively associated with FL (r = 0.879, 95% CI [0.558, 0.971], Holm-adjusted p = 0.005).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BFlh proximal aponeurosis showed locally varying three-dimensional orientation that was largely maintained across passive knee flexion. Associations with fascicle architecture were limited and configuration-dependent, with no association between knee-angle-dependent changes in aponeurosis orientation and changes in FL or PA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06431-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T12:55:24Z","timestamp":1789217724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3D ultrasonography reveals a twisted proximal aponeurosis within the biceps femoris long head"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Carmela Julia","family":"Mantec\u00f3n-Tagarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Weide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guus","family":"Baan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2304-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huub","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"6431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3638-5","volume":"117","author":"J Aeles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aeles J, Lenchant S, Vanlommel L, Vanwanseele B (2017) Bilateral differences in muscle fascicle architecture are not related to the preferred leg in jumping athletes. 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