{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:11:01Z","timestamp":1792782661362,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g30e956","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Appl Physiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study examined whether peak lactate accumulation rate (\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      Lapeak) was associated with body-mass-normalised power at the first and second lactate turnpoints (LT1\n                      <jats:sub>rel<\/jats:sub>\n                      and LT2\n                      <jats:sub>rel<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) beyond relative maximal oxygen uptake (relative V\u0307O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and gross efficiency in cyclists and triathletes. Parallel models using maximal blood lactate accumulation rate (\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      Lamax\n                      <jats:sub>blood<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) assessed whether the findings depended on the calculation approach.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      182 cyclists and triathletes (107 men, 75 women) completed a 15-s sprint test, an incremental lactate profile, and a ramp test to exhaustion. Hierarchical linear regression models included relative V\u0307O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      and gross efficiency before adding either\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      Lapeak or\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      Lamax\n                      <jats:sub>blood<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Sex and sex \u00d7 predictor interactions were examined exploratorily.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Models including relative V\u0307O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      , gross efficiency, and\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      Lapeak explained 75.3% of the variance in LT1\n                      <jats:sub>rel<\/jats:sub>\n                      and 80.4% in LT2\n                      <jats:sub>rel<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Adding\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      Lapeak increased explained variance by 4.9 and 5.0% points, respectively (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Higher\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      Lapeak was associated with lower LT1\n                      <jats:sub>rel<\/jats:sub>\n                      (B\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.803, 95% confidence interval\u2009\u2212\u20091.070 to \u2212\u20090.536) and LT2\n                      <jats:sub>rel<\/jats:sub>\n                      (B\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.900, 95% confidence interval\u2009\u2212\u20091.165 to \u2212\u20090.635), whereas relative V\u0307O\n                      <jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>\n                      and gross efficiency were positively associated with both outcomes. The\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      Lamax\n                      <jats:sub>blood<\/jats:sub>\n                      models showed the same direction and significance with similar fit. Sex and sex \u00d7 predictor interactions did not improve the models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Body-mass-normalised lactate turnpoint power reflects variation in aerobic power and efficiency as well as in the sprint-induced lactate accumulation response. Comparable findings for\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      Lapeak and\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                      Lamax\n                      <jats:sub>blood<\/jats:sub>\n                      indicate that the associations were largely independent of whether the estimated alactic time interval was included in the calculation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06444-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:29:41Z","timestamp":1790249381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lactate accumulation rate is associated with lactate turnpoints in cyclists and triathletes: a comparison of vLapeak and vLamaxblood"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2859-4938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"R\u00f6hrs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl-Maximilian","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00fcdiger","family":"Reer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Keiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"6444_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-015-0007-y","volume":"1","author":"KR Barnes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barnes KR, Kilding AE (2015) Running economy: measurement, norms, and determining factors. Sports Med Open 1:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-015-0007-y","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"6444_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00012","volume":"32","author":"DR Bassett Jr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bassett DR Jr., Howley ET (2000) Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:70\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200001000-00012","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6444_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0234507","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234507","volume":"15","author":"ACH Bj\u00f8rke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rke ACH, Raastad T, Berntsen S (2020) Criteria for the determination of maximal oxygen uptake in patients newly diagnosed with cancer: Baseline data from the randomized controlled trial of physical training and cancer (Phys-Can). PLoS ONE 15:e0234507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0234507","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6444_CR4","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2 edn. edn. Erlbaum, Hillsdale","edition":"2"},{"key":"6444_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0226290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226290","volume":"14","author":"SE Crouter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crouter SE, LaMunion SR, Hibbing PR, Kaplan AS, Bassett DR Jr (2019) Accuracy of the Cosmed K5 portable calorimeter. PLoS ONE 14:e0226290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0226290","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6444_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0464","volume":"18","author":"AK Dunst","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dunst AK, Hesse C, Feldmann A, Holmberg HC (2023) A novel approach to determining the alactic time span in connection with assessment of the maximal rate of lactate accumulation in elite track cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 18:157\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0464","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"6444_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200939060-00003","volume":"39","author":"O Faude","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faude O, Kindermann W, Meyer T (2009) Lactate threshold concepts: how valid are they? Sports Med 39:469\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200939060-00003","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"6444_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3795-6","volume":"118","author":"BS Ferguson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferguson BS, Rogatzki MJ, Goodwin ML, Kane DA, Rightmire Z, Gladden LB (2018) Lactate metabolism: historical context, prior misinterpretations, and current understanding. Eur J Appl Physiol 118:691\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-017-3795-6","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6444_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05744-y","volume":"125","author":"J Fischer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fischer J, Havecker F, Ji S, Wahl P, Keller S (2025) Modeling lactate threshold in cycling-influence of sex, maximal oxygen uptake, and cost of cycling in young athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 125:2145\u20132158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-025-05744-y","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6444_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200131100-00003","volume":"31","author":"PB Gastin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gastin PB (2001) Energy system interaction and relative contribution during maximal exercise. Sports Med 31:725\u2013741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200131100-00003","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"6444_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02414-7","author":"PB Gastin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Gastin PB, Suppiah HT (2026) Anaerobic and aerobic energy system contribution during maximal exercise: a systematic review. Sports Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02414-7","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"6444_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v017.i01","volume":"17","author":"U Groemping","year":"2006","unstructured":"Groemping U (2006) Relative importance for linear regression in R: the package relaimpo. J Stat Softw 17:1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v017.i01","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"6444_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0251-4","volume":"2","author":"M Hargreaves","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hargreaves M, Spriet LL (2020) Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise. Nat Metab 2:817\u2013828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42255-020-0251-4","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"6444_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/physiologia3040040","volume":"3","author":"CR Harnish","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harnish CR, Swensen TC, King D (2023) Reliability of the 15-s maximal lactate accumulation rate (VLamax) test for cycling. Physiologia 3(4):542\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/physiologia3040040","journal-title":"Physiologia"},{"key":"6444_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390300073302","volume":"3","author":"H Heck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heck H, Schulz H, Bartmus U (2003) Diagnostics of anaerobic power and capacity. Eur J Sport Sci 3:1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461390300073302","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"6444_CR16","first-page":"332","volume":"9","author":"J Hopker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hopker J, Jobson S, Carter H, Passfield L (2010) Cycling efficiency in trained male and female competitive cyclists. J Sports Sci Med 9:332\u2013337","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"6444_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iannetta D, Ingram C, Keir D, Murias J (2021) Methodological reconciliation of CP and MLSS and their agreement with the maximal metabolic steady state. Med Sci Sports Exerc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002831","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002831"},{"key":"6444_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0199794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199794","volume":"13","author":"NA Jamnick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jamnick NA, Botella J, Pyne DB, Bishop DJ (2018) Manipulating graded exercise test variables affects the validity of the lactate threshold and V O2peak. PLoS ONE 13:e0199794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199794","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6444_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-830512","volume":"26","author":"AE Jeukendrup","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jeukendrup AE, Wallis GA (2005) Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurements. Int J Sports Med 26(Suppl 1):S28\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2004-830512","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"6444_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2024-0528","volume":"20","author":"JM Johansen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Johansen JM, St\u00f8a E, Sunde A, R\u00f8nnestad B, Helgerud J, St\u00f8ren O (2025) Elite aerobic endurance performance: is it really related to lactate threshold expressed relative to peak oxygen uptake? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 20:1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2024-0528","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"6444_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1113\/JP284205","volume":"602","author":"AM Jones","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jones AM (2024) The fourth dimension: physiological resilience as an independent determinant of endurance exercise performance. J Physiol 602:4113\u20134128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP284205","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6444_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.143834","volume":"586","author":"MJ Joyner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Joyner MJ, Coyle EF (2008) Endurance exercise performance: the physiology of champions. J Physiol 586:35\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.143834","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6444_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.19087","volume":"72","author":"JH Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim JH (2019) Multicollinearity and misleading statistical results. Korean J Anesthesiol 72:558\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4097\/kja.19087","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"6444_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.28985\/1425.jsc.09","author":"J Langley","year":"2025","unstructured":"Langley J, Haase R, Nitzsche N, Porter M (2025) Methodological approaches in testing maximal lactate accumulation rate - \u03bdLamax: a systematic review. J Sci Cycling. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28985\/1425.jsc.09","journal-title":"J Sci Cycling"},{"key":"6444_CR25","volume-title":"Eine Theorie zur Berechnung der Dynamik und des steady state von Phosphorylierungszustand und Stoffwechselaktivit\u00e4t der Muskelzelle als Folge des Energiebedarfs","author":"A Mader","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mader A (1984) Eine Theorie zur Berechnung der Dynamik und des steady state von Phosphorylierungszustand und Stoffwechselaktivit\u00e4t der Muskelzelle als Folge des Energiebedarfs. Deutscher Sporthochschule, K\u00f6ln"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6444_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025802","volume":"7","author":"A Mader","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mader A, Heck H (1986) A theory of the metabolic origin of anaerobic threshold. Int J Sports Med 7(Suppl 1):45\u201365","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"6444_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Manunzio C, Mester J, Kaiser W, Wahl P (2016) Training intensity distribution and changes in performance and physiology of a 2nd place finisher team of the race across america over a 6 month preparation period. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2016.00642","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00642"},{"key":"6444_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","volume":"17","author":"AKA McKay","year":"2022","unstructured":"McKay AKA, Stellingwerff T, Smith ES, Martin DT, Mujika I, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Sheppard J, Burke LM (2022) Defining training and performance caliber: a participant classification framework. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 17:317\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"6444_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16086","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.16086","volume":"12","author":"B Meixner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meixner B, Nusser V, Koehler K, Sablain M, Boone J, Sperlich B (2024) Reliability of power output, maximal rate of capillary blood lactate accumulation, and phosphagen contribution time following 15-s sprint cycling in amateur cyclists. Physiol Rep 12:e16086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14814\/phy2.16086","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"6444_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06270-1","author":"B Meixner","year":"2026","unstructured":"Meixner B, Leo P, Sperlich B (2026) Maximal glycolytic flux modulates metabolic thresholds independent of maximal oxygen uptake. Eur J Appl Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06270-1","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6444_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05572-6","volume":"124","author":"F Mentzoni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mentzoni F, Skaugen M, Eythorsdottir I, Roterud S, Johansen ES, Losnegard T (2024) Precision and accuracy of four handheld blood lactate analyzers across low to high exercise intensities. Eur J Appl Physiol 124:3781\u20133788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-024-05572-6","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6444_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200104000-00017","volume":"33","author":"L Moseley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moseley L, Jeukendrup AE (2001) The reliability of cycling efficiency. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:621\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200104000-00017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6444_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-026-02439-y","author":"L Mougin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Mougin L, Bailey SJ, Jones AM, Joyner MJ, Mears SA, Pearce R, Zanini M (2026) 35 years of Joyner\u2019s endurance performance model: assessing the contribution of physiological determinants of performance proxies in 888 individuals from recreational to world class. Sports Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-026-02439-y","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"6444_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01471-4","volume":"51","author":"M Niemeyer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Niemeyer M, Knaier R, Beneke R (2021) The oxygen uptake plateau\u2014a critical review of the frequently misunderstood phenomenon. Sports Med 51:1815\u20131834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-021-01471-4","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"6444_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-006-9018-6","volume":"41","author":"RM O\u2019brien","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019brien RM (2007) A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Qual Quant 41:673\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11135-006-9018-6","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"key":"6444_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0163389","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163389","volume":"11","author":"JG Pallares","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pallares JG, Moran-Navarro R, Ortega JF, Fernandez-Elias VE, Mora-Rodriguez R (2016) Validity and reliability of ventilatory and blood lactate thresholds in well-trained cyclists. PLoS ONE 11:e0163389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0163389","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6444_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-06022-7","volume":"126","author":"OJ Quittmann","year":"2026","unstructured":"Quittmann OJ (2026) Maximal lactate accumulation rate (c\u02d9 La(max)): current evidence and future directions for exercise testing and training. Eur J Appl Physiol 126:1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-025-06022-7","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"6444_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1756420","volume":"21","author":"OJ Quittmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Quittmann OJ, Abel T, Vafa R, Mester J, Schwarz YM, Struder HK (2021) Maximal lactate accumulation rate and post-exercise lactate kinetics in handcycling and cycling. Eur J Sport Sci 21:539\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2020.1756420","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"6444_CR39","unstructured":"Rodger S, Plews D, McQuillan J, Driller M (2016) Evaluation of the Cyclus cycle ergometer and the Stages power meter for measurement of power output in cycling. J Sci Cycl 5(3):16\u201322."},{"key":"6444_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-39087","volume":"24","author":"K Roecker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roecker K, Striegel H, Dickhuth HH (2003) Heart-rate recommendations: transfer between running and cycling exercise? Int J Sports Med 24:173\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2003-39087","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"6444_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42978-026-00371-1","author":"D R\u00f6hrs","year":"2026","unstructured":"R\u00f6hrs D, Wagner C-M, Reer R, Schmidt T, Held S, Keiner M (2026) Same test, different stories? A critical look at vLamax modality-specific reliability. J Sci Sport Exerc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42978-026-00371-1","journal-title":"J Sci Sport Exerc"},{"key":"6444_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0751-x","volume":"48","author":"I San-Millan","year":"2018","unstructured":"San-Millan I, Brooks GA (2018) Assessment of metabolic flexibility by means of measuring blood lactate, fat, and carbohydrate oxidation responses to exercise in professional endurance athletes and less-fit individuals. Sports Med 48:467\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-017-0751-x","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"6444_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP289218","author":"O Skattebo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Skattebo O, Martin-Rincon M, Rud B, Nielsen J, Hegg LHN, Kleive AV, Ortenblad N, Sandbakk O, Boushel R, Holmberg HC, Calbet JAL, Hallen J (2025) Determinants of maximal oxygen uptake in highly trained females and males: a mechanistic study of sex differences using advanced invasive methods. J Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP289218","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6444_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182a73e70","volume":"28","author":"O Storen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Storen O, Ronnestad BR, Sunde A, Hansen J, Ellefsen S, Helgerud J (2014) A time-saving method to assess power output at lactate threshold in well-trained and elite cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 28:622\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182a73e70","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"6444_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676484","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.676484","volume":"12","author":"PL Valenzuela","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valenzuela PL, Alejo LB, Montalvo-P\u00e9rez A, Gil-Cabrera J, Talavera E, Lucia A, Barranco-Gil D (2021) Relationship between critical power and different lactate threshold markers in recreational cyclists. Front Physiol 12:676484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.676484","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"6444_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van der Zwaard S, Ruiter C, Noordhof D, Sterrenburg R, Bloemers F, de Koning J, Jaspers R, van der laarse W (2016) Maximal oxygen uptake is proportional to muscle fiber oxidative capacity - from chronic heart failure patients to professional cyclists. J Appl Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00355.2016","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00355.2016"},{"key":"6444_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02259-6","volume":"55","author":"H Wackerhage","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wackerhage H, Kabasakalis A, Seiler S, Heck H (2025) Is the vLamax for glycolysis what the V O2 max is for oxidative phosphorylation? Sports Med 55:1853\u20131866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-025-02259-6","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"6444_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004363","volume":"109","author":"JB Weir","year":"1949","unstructured":"Weir JB (1949) New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J Physiol 109:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004363","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"6444_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002241","volume":"52","author":"K Winkert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winkert K, Kirsten J, Dreyhaupt J, Steinacker J, Treff G (2019) The COSMED K5 in breath-by-breath and mixing chamber mode at low to high intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 52:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002241","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6444_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147321","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1147321","volume":"14","author":"WH Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang WH, Park SY, Kim T, Jeon HJ, Heine O, Gehlert S (2023) A modified formula using energy system contributions to calculate pure maximal rate of lactate accumulation during a maximal sprint cycling test. Front Physiol 14:1147321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1147321","journal-title":"Front Physiol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Applied Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06444-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06444-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06444-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:29:44Z","timestamp":1790249384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06444-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["6444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-026-06444-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1439-6319","1439-6327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1439-6319","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-6327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical School Hamburg (approval number: MSH-2023\/287) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}