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Supplements were ingested 45 min before running. Completion time, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), blood lactate, and subjective responses were assessed. Continuous and subjective outcomes were analyzed using linear and generalized linear mixed-effects models, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The factorial model showed a significant main effect of caffeine on completion time (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.0049), with no capsaicin effect or caffeine \u00d7 capsaicin interaction. Pairwise comparisons showed a lower completion time only for CAF+CAP versus placebo (Tukey-adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.048; Dunnett-adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.028). Post-exercise blood lactate was higher with CAF+CAP than with all other conditions (all Tukey-adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.022). Perceived vigor increased with CAF and CAF+CAP, while caffeine-containing conditions produced more frequent insomnia, anxiety, headache, and tachycardia. HR did not differ among conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combined CAF and CAP reduced 10-km completion time and increased post-exercise blood lactate and perceived vigor versus placebo. Session-RPE and heart rate did not differ among conditions; RPE differed only between CAF and CAP. CAF-containing conditions also produced more frequent transient adverse effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, U1111-1333-3665, registered on February 2026.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06456-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:48:57Z","timestamp":1791280137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of isolated and combined supplementation of caffeine and capsaicin on a self-paced 10-km running performance"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1974-225X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u00e9rcio Soares","family":"Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6218-6744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco D.\u2019Paula Vitor","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0371-1876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus Hissa Louren\u00e7o","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1011-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Pena","family":"Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9615-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Guimar\u00e3es Drummond e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4659-1032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Penna","family":"Wanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-1297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Daniel Motta","family":"Drummond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6456_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0344-5","volume":"45","author":"CR Abbiss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abbiss CR, Peiffer JJ, Meeusen R, Skorski S (2015) Role of ratings of perceived exertion during self-paced exercise: what are we actually measuring? 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Science Rage had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, manuscript preparation, or the decision to submit. The supplements used in this study were prepared by an independent compounding pharmacy.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (CAAE: 92524825.6.0000.5149; approval date: November 17, 2025).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (UTN: U1111-1333-3665), registered in February 2026.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Trial registration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}