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Each session included rest, 5\u00a0min of cycling at 40% maximal power output (Pmax), 5\u00a0min at 60% Pmax, and 10\u00a0min of recovery; BFR was released immediately at exercise cessation. ECG and arterial blood pressure were recorded. RR interval, mean arterial blood pressure (MBP), HRV (lnRMSSD, lnSDNN, HF, LF, LF\/HF), and composite indices of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic activity (SNS, PNS) were derived from 3-min segments at rest, exercise, and recovery. Heart rate recovery at 30, 60, and 120\u00a0s after exercise cessation (HRR30, HRR60, HRR120) was calculated. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA tested condition, time, and interaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Time \u00d7 condition interactions were observed for RR interval (p=0.015) and MBP (p=0.003), indicating altered hemodynamic kinetics under BFR, primarily during recovery. HRV indices showed no time \u00d7 condition interactions; however, BFR produced lower lnRMSSD, lnSDNN, HF, and PNS and higher SNS than control (all p&lt;0.05), whereas LF and LF\/HF were unchanged. HRR30 (p=0.040), HRR60 (p&lt;0.001), and HRR120 (p=0.010) were attenuated under BFR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BFR modifies cardiovascular regulation during two-stage cycling and recovery and induces sustained autonomic shifts toward reduced parasympathetic and increased sympathetic modulation, largely independent of exercise intensity. Altered recovery kinetics following cuff release highlight the importance of careful monitoring during the recovery phase when applying BFR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-026-06465-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:07:13Z","timestamp":1792022833000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cardiac autonomic and hemodynamic responses to two-stage cycling and post-exercise recovery with partial blood flow restriction in young males"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8849-5149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mu\u0161i\u0107","family":"Timur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8241-2997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacin","family":"Alan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5221-4217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Poto\u010dnik","family":"Nejka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"6465_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4103\/IJCA.IJCA_36_18","volume":"5","author":"MH Abdelnabi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdelnabi MH (2019) Cardiovascular clinical implications of heart rate variability. 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