{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:47:12Z","timestamp":1790632032637,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007642","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Cybern"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is not easy to measure the amount of information within an object that is capable of leading to aesthetics-based feelings in a viewer, especially because of a subjective variability of human perception. Cybernetic aesthetics, for its part, might provide a rational way for understanding such a human phenomenon at least in special cases. Now, cyclic human movements \u2014 not only gait cycles, but also swimming strokes and tennis forehand strokes \u2014 were found, with their given internal sub-phases, to be characterized, from a temporal point of view, by the existence of coordinatively mechanized and self-similar harmonic fractal patterns. Such harmonic patterns were specifically found to be symmetrized in time so as to compose a generalized Fibonacci sequence and then implicitly dictated by the golden ratio, when it occurs as the ratio of the resulting sub-phases durations. The lowest amount of information for the movement temporal design (Shannon entropy minimization, SEM) makes one sub-phase duration of the movement temporally generate an entire sequence of sub-phase durations of the same movement. However, different spatial profiles can correspond to identical temporal partitions, suggesting the presence of an additional optimization principle that acts within the spatial domain. The original contribution of this paper consists of unveiling what is beyond the aforementioned temporal characterization, revealing the existence of a possible cyclic movement attractor, named golden faux sinus, which is based on a spatial smooth sewing of zero-jerk portions. This might suggest how the neuromuscular system organizes complex repetitive movements and how information processing is exploited into a sub-movement generation architecture. The resulting hidden patterns are the ones that might be caught by a viewer, who is able to concentrate separately on different categories of meaning. Experiments concerning young healthy walking subjects, as well as ATP-WTA top-level tennis players during some of the latest strongest moments of their career, illustrate the effectiveness of the presented derivations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-026-01050-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:28:00Z","timestamp":1785475680000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Golden Ratio and Cybernetic Aesthetics for Hidden Patterns in Repetitive Human Movements: Golden-faux-sinus as a Two-Dimensional Optimization Model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8093-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano Maria","family":"Verrelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucio","family":"Caprioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Romagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed El","family":"Arayshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Ryszczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Iosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1050_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1750984X.2017.1349826","volume":"12","author":"D Araujo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Araujo D, Hristovski R, Seifert L, Carvalho J, Davids K (2019) Ecological cognition: expert decision-making behaviour in sport. Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol 12:1\u201325","journal-title":"Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol"},{"key":"1050_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685216","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1685216","volume":"20","author":"N Assila","year":"2026","unstructured":"Assila N, Braithwaite B, Begon M, Plamondon R (2026) Interpreting the kinematic theory of rapid human movement as an optimal control theory. Front Hum Neurosci 20:1685216","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1050_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2179545","volume":"59","author":"S Balasubramanian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balasubramanian S, Melendez-Calderon A, Burdet E (2012) A robust and sensitive metric for quantifying movement smoothness. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 59(8):2126\u20132136","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"1050_CR4","first-page":"431","volume":"8","author":"DD Bartolo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bartolo DD, Antonucci G, Iosa M (2019) Perceiving harmony behind walking: A study on healthy subjects. EC Psychology and Psychiatry 8(5):431\u2013436","journal-title":"EC Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1050_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0169-9","volume":"169","author":"NE Berthier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Berthier NE, Keen R (2006) Development of reaching in infancy. Exp Brain Res 169(4):507\u2013518","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1050_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3390\/biophysica2030027","volume":"2","author":"E Bormashenko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bormashenko E (2022) Fibonacci sequences, symmetry and order in biological patterns, their sources, information origin and the landauer principle. Biophysica 2(3):292\u2013307","journal-title":"Biophysica"},{"key":"1050_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caprioli, L., Campoli, F., Edriss, S., Padua, E., Romagnoli, C., Bonaiuto, V., Annino, G.: Effect of whole-body vibration on sports performance: A literature review. In: Engineering Methodologies for Medicine and Sport, Rome, February 7-9 2024, R. Montanari et al. (Eds.): EMMS 2024, Springer Nature Switzerland (2024)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-63755-1_47"},{"issue":"1","key":"1050_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10010047","volume":"10","author":"L Caprioli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Caprioli L, Najlaoui A, Campoli F, Dhanasekaran A, Edriss S, Romagnoli C, Zanela A, Padua E, Bonaiuto V, Annino G (2025) Tennis timing assessment by a machine learning-based acoustic detection system: A pilot study. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 10(1):47","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology"},{"key":"1050_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caprioli L, Romagnoli C, Campoli F, Edriss S, Padua E, Bonaiuto V, Annino G (2025) Reliability of an inertial measurement system applied to the technical assessment of forehand and serve in amateur tennis players. Bioengineering 12(1):","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12010030"},{"key":"1050_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caselli, E., Vottero, A., Pieraccini, S., P., S., Gastaldi, L.: Evaluation of human movement smoothness and influence of signal processing techniques. In: Isabel L. Nunes (eds) Human Factors and Systems Interaction. AHFE (2025) International Conference. AHFE Open Access 192 (2025)","DOI":"10.54941\/ahfe1006638"},{"key":"1050_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocco ES, Thouant C-L, L, P, Infarinato F, M, MC, Romano P, Torcisi R, Franceschini M, Verrelli CM, Pournajaf S (2025) New gait performance indices and cognitive functions: A pilot study on correlation in people with parkinson\u2019s disease. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Motor Neuroscience","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1636813"},{"key":"1050_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deghaies K, Lussiana T, Touzard P, Fourel L, Ozan S, Brechbuhl C, Gindre C, Bideau B, Martin C (2025) Tennis serve constraints delimit but do not prohibit individual movement strategies among professional players. J Hum Kinet","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/203795"},{"issue":"12","key":"1050_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-1098(03)00250-4","volume":"39","author":"D Del Vecchio","year":"2003","unstructured":"Del Vecchio D, Murray RM, Perona P (2003) Decomposition of human motion into dynamics-based primitives with application to drawing tasks. Automatica 39(12):2085\u20132098","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"1050_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22919","volume":"297","author":"R Diogo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diogo R, Molnar J (2014) Comparative anatomy, evolution, and homologies of tetrapod hindlimb muscles, comparison with forelimb muscles, and deconstruction of the forelimb-hindlimb serial homology hypothesis. Anat Rec 297:1047\u20131075","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"issue":"7","key":"1050_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769070-00004","volume":"69","author":"SF Dye","year":"1987","unstructured":"Dye SF (1987) An evolutionary perspective of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 69(7):976\u2013983","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"1050_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649330","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1649330","volume":"16","author":"S Edriss","year":"2025","unstructured":"Edriss S, Romagnoli C, Caprioli L, Bonaiuto V, Padua E, Annino G (2025) Commercial vision sensors and ai-based pose estimation frameworks for markerless motion analysis in sports and exercises: A mini review. Front Physiol 16:1649330","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1050_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.3390\/app12084093","volume":"12","author":"M El Arayshi","year":"2022","unstructured":"El Arayshi M, Verrelli CM, Saggio G, Iosa M, Gentile A, Chessa L, Ruggieri M, Polizzi A (2022) Performance index for in home assessment of motion abilities in ataxia telangiectasia: A pilot study. Appl Sci 12(8):4093","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1050_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-07-01688.1985","volume":"5","author":"T Flash","year":"1985","unstructured":"Flash T, Hogans N (1985) The coordination of arm movements: An experimentally confirmed mathematical model. J Neurosci 5(7):1688\u20131703","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1050_CR19","first-page":"203","volume":"10","author":"HW Franke","year":"1977","unstructured":"Franke HW (1977) A cybernetic approach to aesthetics. Leonardo The MIT Press 10(3):203\u2013206","journal-title":"Leonardo The MIT Press"},{"key":"1050_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-022-00291-0","volume":"20","author":"E Gautreau","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gautreau E, Bonnet X, Fox T, Fosseries G, Valle V, Herrel A, Laribi MA (2023) Complementary methods to acquire the kinematics of swimming snakes: A basis to design bio?inspired robots. J Bionic Eng 20:668\u2013682","journal-title":"J Bionic Eng"},{"key":"1050_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.04.422","volume":"258","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Bharti J, Dehalwar V (2025) Reconstruction of occluded region missing gait values using various numerical methods. Procedia Computer Science 258:1698\u20131708","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"1050_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harper CM, AD, S (2019) Effective mechanical advantage allometry of felid elbow and knee extensors. Anat Rec 302(5):775\u2013784","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23973"},{"issue":"6695","key":"1050_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/29528","volume":"394","author":"CM Harris","year":"1998","unstructured":"Harris CM, Wolpert DM (1998) Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning. Nature 394(6695):780\u2013784","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1050_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/00029890.1961.11989696","volume":"68","author":"AF Horadam","year":"1961","unstructured":"Horadam AF (1961) A generalized fibonacci sequence. Am Math Mon 68:455\u2013459","journal-title":"Am Math Mon"},{"key":"1050_CR25","volume-title":"The Neurobiology of Cognition and Behavior","author":"JJ Hurt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hurt JJ (2016) The Neurobiology of Cognition and Behavior. Oxford University Press, New York"},{"key":"1050_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.12.023","volume":"612","author":"M Iosa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iosa M, Morone G, Bini F, Fusco A, Paolucci S, Marinozzi F (2016) The connection between anthropometry and gait harmony unveiled through the lens of the golden ratio. Neurosci Lett 612:138\u2013144","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"1050_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iosa M, Morone G, Paolucci S (2018) Phi in physiology, psychology and biomechanics: The golden ratio between myth and science. Biosystems 165:31\u201339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2018.01.001"},{"key":"1050_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY (2016) A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med 15:155\u2013163","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1050_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1109\/86.662623","volume":"6","author":"HI Krebs","year":"1998","unstructured":"Krebs HI, Hogan N, Aisen ML, Volpe BT (1998) Robot-aided neurorehabilitation IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng 6(1):75\u201387","journal-title":"Robot-aided neurorehabilitation IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"1050_CR30","unstructured":"Landlinger J, Lindinger S, Stoggl T, Wagner H, Muller E (2010) Kinematic analysis of the forehand stroke in tennis. J Sports Sci"},{"key":"1050_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.07.022","volume":"33","author":"KR Lohse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lohse KR, Sherwood DE, Healy AF (2014) How changing the focus of attention affects performance, kinematics, and electromyography in dart throwing. Hum Mov Sci 33:171\u2013184","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1050_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3390\/sym16091168","volume":"16","author":"MP Lucia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lucia MP, Salera C, Zivi P, Iosa M, Pecchinenda A (2024) An eye tracking study on symmetry and golden ratio in abstract art. Symmetry 16(9):1168","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"1050_CR33","volume-title":"The Working Brain","author":"AR Luria","year":"1973","unstructured":"Luria AR (1973) The Working Brain. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England"},{"key":"1050_CR34","unstructured":"Nikgoo A, Alavi K, Alavi K, Mirfazaelian A (2009) Assessment of the golden ratio in pleasing smiles. World J Orthod 10:224\u2013228"},{"issue":"1","key":"1050_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.345","volume":"7","author":"S Pascucci","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pascucci S, Forte G, Angelini E, Marinozzi F, Bini F, Antonucci G, Iosa M, Tieri G (2024) Michelangelo effect in virtual sculpturing: Prospective for motor neurorehabilitation in the metaverse. J Cogn 7(1):17","journal-title":"J Cogn"},{"issue":"2","key":"1050_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3390\/app15020668","volume":"152","author":"L Pietrosanti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pietrosanti L, Saggio G, Patera M, Suppa A, Giannini F, Verrelli CM (2025) Modeling of shoulder\u2013elbow movement with exponential parameter identification during walking gaits for healthy subjects and patients with parkinson\u2019s disease. Appl Sci 152(2):668","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"1050_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2019.07.016","volume":"15","author":"C Rabbath","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rabbath C, Corriveau D (2019) A comparison of piecewise cubic hermite interpolating polynomials, cubic splines and piecewise linear functions for the approximation of projectile aerodynamics. Defence Technology 15:741\u2013757","journal-title":"Defence Technology"},{"key":"1050_CR38","unstructured":"Roetert EP, Kovacs M (2019) Tennis Anatomy. Human Kinetics"},{"key":"1050_CR39","unstructured":"Roetert EP, Kovacs M, Knudson D, Groppel JL (2009) Biomechanics of the tennis stroke. Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise"},{"key":"1050_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolf R, N, Winkielman S, P (2004) Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver\u2019s processing experience? Personality and social psychology review, vol 8. pp 364\u2013382","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0804_3"},{"issue":"13","key":"1050_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5517","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135517","volume":"14","author":"T Sampaio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sampaio T, Oliveira JP, Marinho DA, Neiva HP, Morais JE (2024) Applications of machine learning to optimize tennis performance: A systematic review. Appl Sci 14(13):5517","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"6695","key":"1050_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/29406","volume":"394","author":"TJ Sejnowski","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sejnowski TJ (1998) Neurobiology: making smooth moves. Nature 394(6695):725\u2013726","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1050_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrout PE, Fleiss JL (1979) Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin 86(420)","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420"},{"key":"1050_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(89)90082-1","volume":"22","author":"G Smith","year":"1989","unstructured":"Smith G (1989) Padding point extrapolation techniques for the butterworth digital filter. J Biomech 22:967\u2013971","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"1050_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212943","volume":"5","author":"WA Sparrow","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sparrow WA, Newell KM (1998) Metabolic energy expenditure and the regulation of movement economy. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 5(2):173\u2013196","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"1050_CR46","volume-title":"Generalized finite-length fibonacci sequences in healthy and pathological human walking: Comprehensively assessing recursivity, asymmetry, consistency, self-similarity, and variability of gaits","author":"CM Verrelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verrelli CM, Iosa M, Roselli P, Pisani A, Giannini F, Saggio G (2021) Generalized finite-length fibonacci sequences in healthy and pathological human walking: Comprehensively assessing recursivity, asymmetry, consistency, self-similarity, and variability of gaits. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Motor Neuroscience"},{"key":"1050_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verrelli CM, Romagnoli C, Jackson RR, Ferretti I, Annino G, Bonaiuto V (2021) Front crawl stroke in swimming: Ratios of phase durations and self-similarity. J Biomech 118:","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110267"},{"key":"1050_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verrelli CM, Caprioli L, Iosa M (2025) Hidden time-patterns in cyclic human movements: a matter of temporal fibonacci sequence generation and harmonization. Front Hum Neurosci 19(1525403):","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1525403"},{"key":"1050_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang N, Ma J, Jin D, Yu B (2017) A special golden curve in human upper limbs\u2019 length proportion: A functional partition which is different from anatomy. Biomed Res Int 4158561","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4158561"},{"key":"1050_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu W, Hou Y, Hung, Zou Y (2013) A comparative analysis of spearman\u2019s rho and kendall\u2019s tau in normal and contaminated normal models. Signal Process 93:261\u2013276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2012.08.005"}],"container-title":["Biological Cybernetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00422-026-01050-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00422-026-01050-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00422-026-01050-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T09:21:19Z","timestamp":1787822479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00422-026-01050-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00422-026-01050-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0770"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0770","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest Statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Internal Research Board (University of Rome Tor Vergata, approval number: 2024\/05) and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Institutional Review Board Statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Trial Registration Data","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All subjects signed an informed consent to participate in the study. Consent for the use of video frames in figures (with face blurred) was also obtained from all participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed Consent Statement and Consent to Publish Declaration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"23"}}