{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:41:30Z","timestamp":1778812890903,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Langenbecks Arch Surg"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-025-03746-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T05:40:39Z","timestamp":1748929239000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Functional outcomes in rectal cancer patients treated with immunotherapy and neoadjuvant therapy: a retrospective analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"410","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gan","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yisong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zilong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxiang","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruizhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaixiong","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3746_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H et al (2024) Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 74(3):229\u2013263","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"3746_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520621666210726134809","volume":"22","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li X, Li X, Fu R et al (2022) Efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy in improving long-term survival of patients with resectable rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 22(6):1068\u20131079","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med Chem"},{"key":"3746_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000788","volume":"60","author":"MR Kwaan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwaan MR, Fan Y, Jarosek S et al (2017) Long-term risk of urinary adverse events in curatively treated patients with rectal cancer: a population-based analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 60:682\u2013690","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3746_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-017-3409-y","volume":"21","author":"DW Kauff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kauff DW, Lang H, Kneist W (2017) Risk factor analysis for newlydeveloped urogenital dysfunction after total mesorectal excision and impact of pelvic intraoperative neuromonitoring-aprospective 2-year follow-up study. J Gastrointest Surg 21:1038\u20131047","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"3746_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-023-01410-4","volume":"18","author":"I Hovdenak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hovdenak I, Thaysen HV, Bernstein IT et al (2024) Quality of life and symptom burden after rectal cancer surgery: a randomised controlled trial comparing patient-led versus standard follow-up. J Cancer Surviv 18(5):1709\u20131722","journal-title":"J Cancer Surviv"},{"key":"3746_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-012-2827-z","volume":"20","author":"M Loos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Loos M, Quentmeier P, Schuster T et al (2013) Effect of preoperative radio(chemo) therapy on long-term functional outcome in rectal cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 20:1816\u20131828","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"3746_CR7","first-page":"171","volume":"47","author":"GA Bang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bang GA, Moto GRB, Ngoumfe JCC et al (2024) Bowel function after anterior rectal resection for cancer: short and long-term prospective evaluation with low anterior rectal syndrome (LARS) score in a cohort of Cameroonian patients. Pan Afr Med J 47:171","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3746_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.14784","volume":"22","author":"L Karlsson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karlsson L, Bock D, Asplund D et al (2020) Urinary dysfunction in patients with rectal cancer: a prospective cohort study. Colorectal Dis 22(1):18\u201328","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"3746_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-666X(05)80114-3","volume":"3","author":"AG Prabhudesai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Prabhudesai AG, Cornes P, Glees JP et al (2005) Long-term morbidity following short-course, preoperative radiotherapy and total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Surgeon 3:347\u2013351","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"issue":"10","key":"3746_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2024.06.015","volume":"35","author":"ZY Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin ZY, Zhang P, Chi P et al (2024) Neoadjuvant short-course radiotherapy followed by camrelizumab and chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (UNION): early outcomes of a multicenter randomized phase III trial. Ann Oncol 35(10):882\u2013891","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3746_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5026-2","volume":"28","author":"RGH Beets-Tan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beets-Tan RGH, Lambregts DMJ, Maas M et al (2018) Magnetic resonance imaging for clinical management of rectal cancer: updated recommendations from the 2016 European society of Gastrointestinal and abdominal radiology (ESGAR) consensus meeting. Eur Radiol 28(4):1465\u20131475","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3746_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004636","volume":"275","author":"F Rouleau Fournier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rouleau Fournier F, Motamedi MAK, Brown CJ et al (2022) Oncologic outcomes associated with MRI-detected extramural venous invasion (mrEMVI) in rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg 275(2):303\u2013314","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"3746_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejon.2015.02.009","volume":"19","author":"XT Hou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hou XT, Pang D, Lu Q et al (2015) Validation of the Chinese version of the low anterior resection syndrome score for measuring bowel dysfunction after sphincter-preserving surgery among rectal cancer patients. Eur J Oncol Nurs 19:495\u2013501","journal-title":"Eur J Oncol Nurs"},{"key":"3746_CR14","unstructured":"Urological Sciences Research Foundation (2020) International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). https:\/\/www.usrf.org\/questionnaires\/AUA_SymptomScore.html\u00a0. Accessed 1 Dec 2020"},{"key":"3746_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen RC, Riley A, Wagner G et al (1997) The international index of erectile function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction 49(6):822\u2013\u200930","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00238-0"},{"key":"3746_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044353","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1044353","volume":"14","author":"L Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou L, Yang XQ, Zhao GY et al (2023) Meta-analysis of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for non-metastatic colorectal cancer. Front Immunol 14:1044353","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3746_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou L, Yu G, Shen Y et al (2022) The clinical efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy with immunotherapy for the organ preservation of ultra low rectal cancer: A single arm and open label exploratory study. Chicago: ASCO; Available at: https:\/\/meetings.asco.org\/abstracts-presentations\/208587","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.e15603"},{"issue":"4","key":"3746_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000552","volume":"59","author":"NJ Battersby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Battersby NJ, Juul T, Christensen P et al (2016) United Kingdom low anterior resection syndrome study group. Predicting the risk of bowel-related quality-of-life impairment after restorative resection for rectal cancer: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Dis Colon Rectum 59(4):270\u2013280","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"7","key":"3746_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000801","volume":"60","author":"Q Qin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qin Q, Huang B, Cao W et al (2017) Bowel dysfunction after low anterior resection with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy alone for rectal cancer: a cross-sectional study from China. Dis Colon Rectum 60(7):697\u2013705","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"2","key":"3746_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-013-1780-z","volume":"29","author":"P Contin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Contin P, Kulu Y, Bruckner T et al (2014) Comparative analysis of late functional outcome following preoperative radiation therapy or chemoradiotherapy and surgery or surgery alone in rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 29(2):165\u2013175","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"3746_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E813","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.14749","volume":"88","author":"AD Croese","year":"2018","unstructured":"Croese AD, Zubair ON, Lonie J et al (2018) Prevalence of low anterior resection syndrome at a regional Australian centre. ANZ J Surg 88(12):E813\u2013E817","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"3746_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067036","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1067036","volume":"13","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Shen L, Wan J et al (2022) Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined with immunotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: a new era for anal preservation. Front Immunol 13:1067036","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"3746_CR23","first-page":"CD004323","volume":"2","author":"J Pachler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pachler J, Wille-J\u00f8rgensen P (2005) Quality of life after rectal resection for cancer, with or without permanent colostomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD004323","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"3746_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.1758","volume":"20","author":"ER Bossema","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bossema ER, Seunti\u00ebns MW, Marijnen CA et al (2011) The relation between illness cognitions and quality of life in people with and without a stoma following rectal cancer treatment. Psychooncology 20(4):428\u2013434","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"3746_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-018-3006-x","volume":"33","author":"J Kupsch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kupsch J, Jackisch T et al (2018) Outcome of bowel function following anterior resection for rectal cancer-an analysis using the low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) score. Int J Colorectal Dis 33(6):787\u2013798","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3746_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-019-04901-2","volume":"28","author":"A Bohlok","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bohlok A, Mercier C et al (2020) The burden of low anterior resection syndrome on quality of life in patients with mid or low rectal cancer. Support Care Cancer 28(3):1199\u20131206","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"3746_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2022.07.045","volume":"173","author":"S Robitaille","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robitaille S, Wang A et al (2023) Predictors of pre- and post-treatment bowel dysfunction severity in patients with rectal cancer. Surgery 173(3):681\u2013686","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"3746_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24885","volume":"117","author":"P Ihn\u00e1t","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ihn\u00e1t P, Sl\u00edvov\u00e1 I et al (2018) Anorectal dysfunction after laparoscopic low anterior rectal resection for rectal cancer with and without radiotherapy (manometry study). J Surg Oncol 117(4):710\u2013716","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3746_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-021-02445-4","volume":"25","author":"I Torrijo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Torrijo I, Balciscueta Z, Tabet J et al (2021) Prospective study of urinary function and analysis of risk factors after rectal cancer surgery. Tech Coloproctol 25(6):727\u2013737","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3746_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000652","volume":"59","author":"JP Adam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adam JP, Denost Q, Capdepont M et al (2016) Prospective and longitudinal study of urogenital dysfunction after proctectomy for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 59(9):822\u2013830","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"3746_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00015458.2015.1136482","volume":"116","author":"A Dulskas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dulskas A, Miliauskas P, Tikuisis R et al (2016) The functional results of radical rectal cancer surgery: review of the literature. Acta Chir Belg 116(1):1\u201310","journal-title":"Acta Chir Belg"},{"issue":"7","key":"3746_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-016-2605-7","volume":"31","author":"M Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang M, Lin J, Yu X et al (2016) Erectile and urinary function in men with rectal cancer treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone: a randomized trial report. Int J Colorectal Dis 31(7):1349\u20131357","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"3746_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"djw322","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djw322","volume":"109","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siegel RL, Fedewa SA, Anderson WF et al (2017) Colorectal cancer incidence patterns in the United States, 1974\u20132013. J Natl Cancer Inst 109(8):djw322","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"7","key":"3746_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29866","volume":"122","author":"EL Warner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Warner EL, Kent EE, Trevino KM et al (2016) Social well-being among adolescents and young adults with cancer: a systematic review. Cancer 122(7):1029\u20131037","journal-title":"Cancer"}],"container-title":["Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00423-025-03746-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00423-025-03746-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00423-025-03746-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T05:40:41Z","timestamp":1748929241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00423-025-03746-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00423-025-03746-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6283768\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1435-2451"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-2451","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines established by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Medical College, and approval for the retrospective analysis was obtained from the committee. [2025] Ethics Review No. (0190-01). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"This study received consent for publication from all the participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"174"}}