{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:01:33Z","timestamp":1789668093753,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005765","name":"Universidade de Lisboa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005765","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) is a physiological response marked by a transient increase in microvascular perfusion following ischemia. While cutaneous perfusion during PORH has been extensively characterized using optical approaches such as Doppler-based techniques, low-cost alternatives like photoplethysmography (PPG),\u00a0videocapillaroscopy (VC) and near-infrared reflectance imaging (NIRI) may provide complementary insights into both microvascular and venous dynamics. However, their role in quantifying PORH remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of low-magnification VC and NIRI-based imaging for quantifying perfusion changes during a standardized PORH protocol in healthy subjects, using PPG as a reference. Fourteen participants (21.5\u2009\u00b1\u20094.2 years) underwent suprasystolic occlusion of a randomly selected upper limb, with simultaneous recordings using PPG and VC at the finger and NIRI at the dorsal hand veins. The protocol included a 5-min baseline, 3-min occlusion (200 mmHg), and 5-min recovery. Skin blood flow was derived from the PPG signal, a hemoglobin index (C\n                    <jats:sub>Hb<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was extracted from VC images, and vein width was measured using NIRI. Nonparametric statistics were used for analysis. Arterial occlusion significantly reduced skin blood flow (\u201395.3%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and C\n                    <jats:sub>Hb<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\u20138.3%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.007), with milder contralateral changes. Vein width increased during occlusion (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.003) and returned to baseline during recovery. VC was less sensitive than PPG but reproduced the expected hemodynamic profile. A positive correlation was found between venous dilation\u00a0during recovery and the decrement velocity of microvascular perfusion\u00a0during occlusion. VC and NIRI represent accessible and complementary tools for assessing vascular responses during PORH. Their combined application may enhance non-invasive vascular evaluation in both clinical and research settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-025-03110-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T05:02:05Z","timestamp":1756789325000},"page":"1213-1224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Enhancing the quantification of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia: a multimodal optical approach"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"477","author":[{"given":"Henrique","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlota","family":"Rezendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Contreiras","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3110_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R605","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00339.2019","volume":"318","author":"R Rosenberry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosenberry R, Nelson MD (2020) Reactive hyperemia: a review of methods, mechanisms, and considerations. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 318(3):R605\u2013R618","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"3110_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2015.04.001","volume":"99","author":"H Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silva H, Ferreira H, Bujan MJ, Rodrigues LM (2015) Regarding the quantification of peripheral microcirculation - comparing responses evoked in the in vivo human lower limb by postural changes, suprasystolic occlusion and oxygen breathing. Microvasc Res 99:110\u2013117","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"3110_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00471.2010","volume":"300","author":"DHJ Thijssen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thijssen DHJ, Black MA, Pyke KE, Padilla J, Atkinson G, Harris RA et al (2011) Assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans: a methodological and physiological guideline. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 300:2\u201312","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"3110_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2020.tb00131.x","volume":"10","author":"JL Cracowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cracowski JL, Roustit M (2020) Human skin microcirculation. Compr Physiol 10(3):1105\u20131154","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"3110_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-1-4","volume":"1","author":"L Monteiro Rodrigues","year":"2001","unstructured":"Monteiro Rodrigues L, Contreiras Pinto P, Leal A (2001) Transcutaneous flow related variables measured in vivo: the effects of gender. BMC Dermatol 1:4","journal-title":"BMC Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3110_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1999.2199","volume":"59","author":"MJJ Monari","year":"2000","unstructured":"Monari MJJ (2000) Human capillaroscopy by light emitting diode epi-illumination. Microvasc Res 59(1):172\u2013175","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"3110_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket153","volume":"52","author":"M Cutolo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cutolo M, Smith V (2013) State of the art on nailfold capillaroscopy: a reliable diagnostic tool and putative biomarker in rheumatology? Rheumatology 52(11):1933\u20131940","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"3110_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1152\/advan.00182.2018","volume":"43","author":"EA Tansey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tansey EA, Montgomery LEA, Quinn JG, Roe SM, Johnson CD (2019) Understanding basic vein physiology and venous blood pressure through simple physical assessments. Adv Physiol Educ 43:423\u2013429","journal-title":"Adv Physiol Educ"},{"key":"3110_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12040373","author":"MD Francisco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Francisco MD, Chen WF, Pan CT, Lin MC, Wen ZH, Liao CF et al (2021) Competitive real-time near infrared (Nir) vein finder imaging device to improve peripheral subcutaneous vein selection in venipuncture for clinical laboratory testing. Micromachines. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi12040373","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"3110_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163573","author":"CT Pan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pan CT, Francisco MD, Yen CK, Wang SY, Shiue YL (2019) Vein pattern locating technology for cannulation: a review of the low-cost vein finder prototypes utilizing near infrared (NIR) light to improve peripheral subcutaneous vein selection for phlebotomy. Sensors (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19163573","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3110_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5114\/ait.2021.103515","volume":"53","author":"V Vyas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vyas V, Sharma A, Goyal S, Kothari N (2021) Infrared vein visualisation devices for ease of intravenous access in children: hope versus hype. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 53(1):69\u201378","journal-title":"Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther"},{"key":"3110_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013) World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA Am Med Assoc 310:2191\u20132194","journal-title":"JAMA Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"3110_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen J. (2007) Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement. Vol. 28, Physiological Measurement. Institute of Physics Publishing","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/3\/R01"},{"key":"3110_CR14","first-page":"5","volume":"21","author":"AA Kamshilin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamshilin AA, Nippolainen E, Sidorov IS, Vasilev PV, Erofeev NP, Podolian NP et al (2015) A new look at the essence of the imaging photoplethysmography. Sci Rep 21:5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3110_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13552-4","author":"MV Volkov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Volkov MV, Margaryants NB, Potemkin AV, Volynsky MA, Gurov IP, Mamontov OV et al (2017) Video capillaroscopy clarifies mechanism of the photoplethysmographic waveform appearance. Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-13552-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"23","key":"3110_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9515","DOI":"10.3390\/s23239515","volume":"23","author":"L Evdochim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Evdochim L, Chiriac E, Avram M, Dobrescu L, Dobrescu D, Stanciu S et al (2023) Red blood cells\u2019 area deformation as the origin of the photoplethysmography signal. Sensors. 23(23):9515","journal-title":"Sensors."},{"key":"3110_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1159\/000066451","volume":"15","author":"E Berardesca","year":"2002","unstructured":"Berardesca E, L\u00e9v\u00eaque JL, Masson P, Pi\u00e9rard GE, Rodrigues L, Rogiers V et al (2002) EEMCO guidance for the measurement of skin microcirculation. Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 15:442\u201356","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology."},{"key":"3110_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marathe. A novel wireless vein finder. In: International Conference on Circuits, Communication, Control and Computing. IEEE; 2014.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIMCA.2014.7057805"},{"issue":"2","key":"3110_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12919","volume":"27","author":"E Tesselaar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tesselaar E, Farnebo S (2021) Objective assessment of skin microcirculation using a smartphone camera. Skin Research and Technology 27(2):138\u2013144","journal-title":"Skin Research and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3110_CR20","first-page":"153","volume":"15","author":"N Tran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tran N, Garcia T, Aniqa M, Ali S, Ally A, Nauli SM (2022) Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the cardiovascular system: in physiology and in disease states. Am J Biomed Sci Res 15(2):153\u2013177","journal-title":"Am J Biomed Sci Res"},{"key":"3110_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00207.2006","author":"A T\u00f3th","year":"2007","unstructured":"T\u00f3th A, Pal M, Intaglietta M, Johnson PC (2007) Contribution of anaerobic metabolism to reactive hyperemia in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.00207.2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"3110_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-8719.2011.00131.x","volume":"19","author":"MJ Davis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Davis MJ (2012) Perspective: physiological role(s) of the vascular myogenic response. Microcirculation 19:99\u2013114","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"issue":"1","key":"3110_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.143867","volume":"585","author":"S Lorenzo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lorenzo S, Minson CT (2007) Human cutaneous reactive hyperaemia: role of BKCa channels and sensory nerves. J Physiol 585(1):295\u2013303","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"3110_CR24","first-page":"144","volume":"1","author":"GW McGarr","year":"2022","unstructured":"McGarr GW, Cheung SS (2022) Effects of sensory nerve blockade on cutaneous microvascular responses to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Microvasc Res 1:144","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3110_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-007-0524-0","volume":"24","author":"V Rajan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rajan V, Varghese B, Van Leeuwen TG, Steenbergen W (2009) Review of methodological developments in laser Doppler flowmetry. Lasers Med Sci 24(2):269\u2013283","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"3110_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240050826","author":"DP Kernick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kernick DP, Tooke JE, Shore AC (1999) The biological zero signal in laser doppler fluximetry \u2013 origins and practical implications. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004240050826","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3110_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2023.101849","volume":"37","author":"V Smith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smith V, Ickinger C, Hysa E, Snow M, Frech T, Sulli A et al (2023) Nailfold capillaroscopy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 37(1):101849","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"3110_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeae001","volume":"25","author":"JL Vos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vos JL, Lemmers JMJ, El MS, Snoeren M, van Dijk APJ, Duijnhouwer AL et al (2024) Peripheral microvascular function is linked to cardiac involvement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance in systemic sclerosis\u2013related pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 25(5):708\u2013717","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"3110_CR29","first-page":"H318","volume":"233","author":"B Fagrell","year":"1977","unstructured":"Fagrell B, Fronek A, Intaglietta M (1977) A microscope-television system for studying flow velocity in human skin capillaries. Am J Physiol. 233(3):H318","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"3110_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12575","volume":"39","author":"P Henriksson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Henriksson P, Lind L, Qing L, Freyschuss A (2019) Microvascular capillary assessment in relation to forearm blood flow. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 39(5):322\u2013326","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"3110_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/003655102321004558","volume":"62","author":"Q Lu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lu Q, Freyschuss A, Jonsson AM, Bjoerkhem I, Henriksson P (2002) Post-occlusive reactive hyperemia in single nutritive capillaries of the nail fold: methodological considerations. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 62:537\u2013540","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"3110_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979804900608","volume":"49","author":"CC Pazos-Moura","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pazos-Moura CC, Moura EG, D Breitenbach MM, Bouskela E, De Janeiro R (1998) Nailfold capillaroscopy in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism: blood flow velocity during rest and postocclusive reactive hyperemia. Angiology 49(6):471\u20136","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"3110_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.1990.tb00825.x","volume":"10","author":"CC Pazos-Moura","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pazos-Moura CC, Moura EG, Bouskela E, Torres Filho IP, D Breitenbach MM (1990) Nailfold capillaroscopy in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: blood flow velocity during rest and post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia. Clinical Physiology. 10:451\u201361","journal-title":"Clinical Physiology."},{"issue":"4","key":"3110_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2007.00253.x","volume":"13","author":"J O\u2019doherty","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019doherty J, Henricson J, Anderson C, Leahy MJ, Nilsson GE, Sj\u00f6berg F (2007) Sub-epidermal imaging using polarized light spectroscopy for assessment of skin microcirculation. Skin Research and Technology. 13(4):472\u201384","journal-title":"Skin Research and Technology."},{"issue":"1","key":"3110_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.305364","volume":"118","author":"DD Gutterman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gutterman DD, Chabowski DS, Kadlec AO, Durand MJ, Freed JK, Ait-Aissa K et al (2016) The human microcirculation: regulation of flow and beyond. Circ Res 118(1):157\u2013172","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"3110_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1177583","author":"L Monteiro Rodrigues","year":"2023","unstructured":"Monteiro Rodrigues L, Rocha C, Andrade S, Granja T, Greg\u00f3rio J (2023) The acute adaptation of skin microcirculatory perfusion in vivo does not involve a local response but rather a centrally mediated adaptive reflex. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1177583","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3110_CR37","first-page":"715","volume":"13","author":"H Silva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silva H, Rezendes C (2024) Revisiting the venoarteriolar reflex\u2013further insights from upper limb dependency in healthy subjects. Biology (Basel) 13(9):715","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"3110_CR38","first-page":"9","volume":"17","author":"H Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Silva H, Ferreira HA, da Silva HP, Monteiro RL (2018) The venoarteriolar reflex significantly reduces contralateral perfusion as part of the lower limb circulatory homeostasis in vivo. Front Physiol 17:9","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3110_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12606","volume":"18","author":"L Dayan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dayan L, Hochberg U, Nahman-Averbuch H, Brill S, Ablin JN, Jacob G (2018) Increased sympathetic outflow induces adaptation to acute experimental pain. Pain Pract 18(3):322\u2013330","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"issue":"0","key":"3110_CR40","first-page":"1","volume":"0","author":"H Silva","year":"2025","unstructured":"Silva H, Rezendes C (2025) Quantifying superficial vein morphology with near-infrared imaging during venous congestion. Phlebology 0(0):1\u20139","journal-title":"Phlebology"},{"issue":"10","key":"3110_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5702","DOI":"10.3390\/app15105702","volume":"15","author":"H Silva","year":"2025","unstructured":"Silva H, Rezendes C (2025) Texture analysis of near-infrared vein images during reactive hyperemia in healthy subjects. Applied Sciences (Switzerland). 15(10):5702","journal-title":"Applied Sciences (Switzerland)."},{"key":"3110_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-007-0170-5","volume":"45","author":"A Humeau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Humeau A, Steenbergen W, Nilsson H, Str\u00f6mberg T (2007) Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring and imaging: novel approaches. Med Biol Eng Comput 45:421\u2013435","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"08","key":"3110_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.24.8.080901","volume":"24","author":"W Heeman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heeman W, Steenbergen W, van Dam GM, Boerma EC (2019) Clinical applications of laser speckle contrast imaging: a review. J Biomed Opt 24(08):1","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"3110_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.02.009","volume":"455","author":"A Sakudo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sakudo A (2016) Near-infrared spectroscopy for medical applications: current status and future perspectives. Clinica Chimica Acta Elsevier BV 455:181\u20138","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta Elsevier BV"},{"issue":"3","key":"3110_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2010.07.011","volume":"80","author":"LJ Petersen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petersen LJ, Zacho HD, Lyngholm AM, Arendt-Nielsen L (2010) Tissue viability imaging for assessment of pharmacologically induced vasodilation and vasoconstriction in human skin. Microvasc Res 80(3):499\u2013504","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"3110_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.150821","volume":"55","author":"RA Harris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harris RA, Nishiyama SK, Wray DW, Richardson RS (2010) Ultrasound assessment of flow-mediated dilation. Hypertension 55:1075\u20131085","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00424-025-03110-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00424-025-03110-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00424-025-03110-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T06:57:22Z","timestamp":1757401042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00424-025-03110-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00424-025-03110-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-6768","1432-2013"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-6768","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2013","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Human Research (CEISH) of the School of Pharmacy of the University of Lisbon (11\/2024). All experiments were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments regarding research involving human participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}