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Applying a cross-over design, 18 participants (gender-matched, on average age 22.6 y, BMI 23.6\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, and bioimpedance phase angle 6.4) were exposed twice to hypoxia (FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u224a 15.0% and FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u224a 13.4%, separately, by using a tent connected with a hypoxic generator) and once to normobaric normoxia. After \u224a 30\u00a0min inside the tent, participants performed a series of 9 unilateral isometric contractions of the right knee extensors at maximum intensity for 5\u00a0s, interspersed with 15\u00a0s of passive recovery, while acquiring high-density surface EMG signals through a 64-electrodes grid and cardiorespiratory variables, and registering symptoms; then, a post-processing motor unit decomposition technique was applied. We found an increase in MU discharge rate as a response to acute normobaric hypoxia, although to a little extent and differently across sexes. Moreover, males experienced a more prominent increase of MU conduction velocity due to hypoxia. MUs responses to normobaric hypoxia were only slightly and non-homogeneously associated with hypoxic cardiorespiratory responses. Normobaric hypoxia affects the neuromuscular system with a relatively greater effect on peripheral rather than central features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-025-03119-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T02:12:17Z","timestamp":1757470337000},"page":"1295-1308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Non-invasive motor unit analysis reveals specific responses during maximal muscle contraction under normobaric hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"477","author":[{"given":"Danilo","family":"Bondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Valli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Annarumma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Pietrangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Fulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vittore","family":"Verratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3119_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12033","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12033","volume":"2","author":"M Kon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kon M, Ohiwa N, Honda A, Matsubayashi T, Ikeda T, Akimoto T, Suzuki Y, Hirano Y, Russell AP (2014) Effects of systemic hypoxia on human muscular adaptations to resistance exercise training. 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