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Recent studies have revealed that the degree of eco-physiological acclimation depends on leaf anatomical traits, which show stress-induced alterations during organogenesis. Indeed, it is still a matter of debate whether plant anatomy is the bottleneck for optimal plant physiology or vice versa. Here, we cultivated \u2018Salanova\u2019 lettuces in a phenotyping chamber under two different vapor pressure deficits (VPDs; low, high) and watering levels (well-watered, low-watered); then, plants underwent short-term changes in VPD. We aimed to combine high-throughput phenotyping with leaf anatomical analysis to evaluate their capability in detecting the early stress signals in lettuces and to highlight the different degrees of plants\u2019 eco-physiological acclimation to the change in VPD, as influenced by anatomical traits. The results demonstrate that well-watered plants under low VPD developed a morpho-anatomical structure in terms of mesophyll organization, stomatal and vein density, which more efficiently guided the acclimation to sudden changes in environmental conditions and which was not detected by image-based phenotyping alone. Therefore, we emphasized the need to complement high-throughput phenotyping with anatomical trait analysis to unveil crop acclimation mechanisms and predict possible physiological behaviors after sudden environmental fluctuations due to climate changes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-022-03984-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T11:30:21Z","timestamp":1662377421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Integration of high-throughput phenotyping with anatomical traits of leaves to help understanding lettuce acclimation to a changing environment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"256","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1864-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Amitrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Junker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nunzio","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"De Pascale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"De Micco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"3984_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aab.12544","author":"C Amitrano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amitrano C, Arena C, Rouphael Y, De Pascale S, De Micco V (2019) Vapour pressure deficit: the hidden driver behind plant morphofunctional traits in controlled environments. 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