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In this region, we investigated the characteristics of desert legumes in two nature reserves (Sharaan and Madakhil), at one archaeological site (Hegra), and in open public domains at Al. Ward and Jabal Abu Oud. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), isotopes, and N and C contents were investigated through multiple lenses, including parasitism, plant tissues, species identification, plant maturity, health status, and plant growth. The average BNF rates of 19\n                      <jats:italic>Vachellia gerrardii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 21\n                      <jats:italic>Vachellia tortilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      trees were respectively 39 and 67%, with low signs of inner N content fluctuations (2.10\u20132.63% N) compared to other co-occurring plants. The BNF of 23\n                      <jats:italic>R. raetam<\/jats:italic>\n                      was just as high, with an average of 65% and steady inner N contents of 2.25\u2009\u00b1\u20090.30%. Regarding parasitism, infected\n                      <jats:italic>Vachellia<\/jats:italic>\n                      trees were unfazed compared to uninfected trees, thereby challenging the commonly accepted detrimental role of parasites. Overall, these results suggest that\n                      <jats:italic>Vachellia<\/jats:italic>\n                      trees and\n                      <jats:italic>R. raetam<\/jats:italic>\n                      shrubs exploit BNF in hyper-arid environments to maintain a high N content when exposed to parasitism and grazing. These findings underline the pivotal role of plant-bacteria mutualistic symbioses in desert environments. All ecological traits and relationships mentioned are further arguments in favor of these legumes serving as keystone species for ecological restoration and agro-silvo-pastoralism in the AlUla region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-024-04407-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T07:01:37Z","timestamp":1714028497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ecological aspects and relationships of the emblematic Vachellia spp. exposed to anthropic pressures and parasitism in natural hyper-arid ecosystems: ethnobotanical elements, morphology, and biological nitrogen fixation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"259","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9729-4732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Vincent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bourillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Gotty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Boukcim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc-Andr\u00e9","family":"Selosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Cambou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coraline","family":"Damasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathis","family":"Voisin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Boivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Figura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Nespoulous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Galiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Maurice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Ducousso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"4407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1080\/26895293.2021.1938702","volume":"14","author":"AME Abdel-Hamid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdel-Hamid AME, Elenazy HH, Abdel-Hameed UK (2021) DNA barcoding of some taxa of genus Acacia and their phylogenetic relationship. 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