{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T21:09:29Z","timestamp":1793221769704,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taighde \u00c9ireann - Research Ireland","award":["IRCLA\/2022\/3294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRCLA\/2022\/3294"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002081","name":"Irish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GOIPG\/2019\/1987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOIPG\/2019\/1987"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001631","name":"University College Dublin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001631","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Planta"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Cannabis sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a mainly dioecious plant, which means that female and male flowers develop on separate individuals, which is controlled by an XY sex determination system: females have two X chromosomes and male plants carry an X and a Y chromosome.\n                    <jats:italic>C. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a crop that has a wide variety of applications, some of which depend on the sex of the plant. Females are, for example, used for the cannabinoid production, as cannabinoids are produced in the female inflorescence. However, while adult\n                    <jats:italic>C. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    individuals present high sexual dimorphism, it is not possible to phenotypically distinguish male and female plants before flowering. Here we present the identification of a highly conserved sex marker,\n                    <jats:italic>CsPDS5<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the development of a robust, reliable and affordable PCR-based method to determine the sex genotype. In contrast to other sex genotyping methods, our approach relies on a gene polymorphic between the X and Y chromosomes and therefore requires only a single PCR with one pair of primers. The method was tested in 14 hemp-type cultivars and 6 crosses, with different tissues and developmental stages, on more than 500 samples, with 100% accuracy. Our assay allows early sex identification and hemp selection, which is useful for both research and industrial purposes. Finally, the pipeline presented here to identify genes polymorphic between the X and Y chromosomes can serve to discover new sex markers, not only in\n                    <jats:italic>C. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    but also in other dioecious plants and other organisms with 2 sexes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-025-04804-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T07:33:42Z","timestamp":1755848022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A simple and reliable PCR-based method to differentiate between XX and XY sex genotypes in Cannabis sativa"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"262","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1519-5626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ainhoa","family":"Riera-Begue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8216-6814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Toscani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8686-9740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afsheen","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1184-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline A.","family":"Dowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1142-6520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0631-9023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer","family":"Melzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4804_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.16769","volume":"119","author":"CA Dowling","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dowling CA, Shi J, Toth JA, Quade MA, Smart LB, McCabe PF, Schilling S, Melzer R (2024) A flowering locus T ortholog is associated with photoperiod-insensitive flowering in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Plant J 119(1):383\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tpj.16769","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"4804_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-013-1023-y","author":"A-M Faux","year":"2014","unstructured":"Faux A-M, Berhin A, Dauguet N, Bertin P (2014) Sex chromosomes and quantitative sex expression in monoecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Euphytica. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10681-013-1023-y","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"4804_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5586\/asbp.1978.013","author":"E Galloch","year":"1978","unstructured":"Galloch E (1978) The hormonal control of sex differentiation in dioecious plants of hemp (Cannabis sativa). The influence of plant growth regulators on sex expression in male and female plants. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5586\/asbp.1978.013","journal-title":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae"},{"issue":"7","key":"4804_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1139\/cjb-2021-0168","volume":"101","author":"EJ Gilchrist","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gilchrist EJ, Hegebarth D, Wang S, Quilichini TD, Sawler J, Toh SY, Foley C, Page JE (2023) A rapid method for sex identification in Cannabis sativa using high resolution melt analysis. 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