{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:37:18Z","timestamp":1792521438062,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Planta"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Virus-like particles (VLP) from hepatitis C virus were successfully produced in\n                      <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic>\n                      plants for the first time, by co-expressing three viral proteins (Core, E1 and E2) in a polycistron-like arrangement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a global health challenge, underscoring the need for a preventive vaccine. Virus-like particles (VLP) offer a safe alternative, as they resemble native virions without infectious genomes. We expressed the HCV structural proteins Core, E1, and E2 in\n                      <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic>\n                      using binary and deconstructed viral vector systems. Western blot confirmed expression, with the binary system achieving higher yields. Purified proteins assembled into spherical VLP (40\u201360\u00a0nm) were\u00a0confirmed by electron microscopy. These findings demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of producing complete HCV-VLP in plants, supporting their potential as a scalable platform for vaccine development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-026-04956-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T18:02:43Z","timestamp":1772474563000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Plant-based production of virus-like particles from hepatitis C virus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Laura M.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Castillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Gonzalez-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lino","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brisia A.","family":"Aguilar-Barrag\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5589-0720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A. Gomez","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"4956_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5561","volume":"287","author":"N Acosta-Rivero","year":"2001","unstructured":"Acosta-Rivero N, Aguilar JC, Musacchio A, Falc\u00f3n V, Vi\u00f1a A, de la Rosa MC, Morales J (2001) Characterization of the HCV core virus-like particles produced in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 287:122\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5561","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"4956_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2024.110307","volume":"602","author":"AA Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali AA, Tabil AA (2025) Unlocking potential: virus-like particles as a promising strategy for effective HCV vaccine development. Virology 602:110307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2024.110307","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"4956_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-024-00935-5","volume":"25","author":"AA Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali AA, Azouz RAM, Hussein NA, El-Shenawy R, Helmy NM, El-Abd YS, Tabll AA (2025) Development of virus-like particles (VLPs) for hepatitis C virus genotype 4: a novel approach for vaccine development in Egypt. BMC Biotechnol 25:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12896-024-00935-5","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol"},{"key":"4956_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2025.2508517","volume":"24","author":"MF Bachmann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bachmann MF, van Damme P, Lienert F, Schwarz TF (2025) Virus-like particles: a versatile and effective vaccine platform. Expert Rev Vaccines 24:444\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14760584.2025.2508517","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"4956_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70290-8","volume":"117","author":"TF Baumert","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baumert TF, Vergalla J, Satoi J, Thomson M, Lechmann M, Herion D, Greenberg HB, Ito S, Liang TJ (1999) Hepatitis C virus-like particles synthesized in insect cells as a potential vaccine candidate. Gastroenterology 117:1397\u20131407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70290-8","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4956_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4044","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.76.8.4044-4055.2002","volume":"76","author":"A Bertolotti-Ciarlet","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bertolotti-Ciarlet A, White LJ, Chen R, Ventataram-Prasad BV, Estes MK (2002) Structural requirements for the assembly of Norwalk virus-like particles. J Virol 76:4044\u20134055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.76.8.4044-4055.2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"4956_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.76.8.4073-4079.2002","volume":"76","author":"E Blanchard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blanchard E, Brand D, Trassard S, Goudeau A, Roingeard P (2002) Hepatitis C virus-like particle morphogenesis. J Virol 76:4073\u20134079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.76.8.4073-4079.2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"4956_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","volume":"72","author":"MM Bradford","year":"1976","unstructured":"Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"4956_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047492","volume":"7","author":"BY Chua","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chua BY, Johnson D, Tan A, Earnest-Silveira L, Sekiya T, Chin R, Torresi J, Jackson DC (2012) Hepatitis C VLPs delivered to dendritic cells by a TLR2 targeting lipopeptide results in enhanced antibody and cell-mediated responses. PLoS ONE 7:e47492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0047492","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4956_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12743","volume":"15","author":"JL Clarke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clarke JL, Paruch L, Dobrica MO, Caras I, Tucureanu C, Onu A, Ciulean S, Stavaru C, Eerde A, Wang Y, Steen H, Haugslien S, Petrareanu C, Lazar C, Popescu CI, Bock R, Dubuisson J, Branza-Nichita N (2017) Lettuce-produced hepatitis C virus E1E2 heterodimer triggers immune responses in mice and antibody production after oral vaccination. Plant Biotechnol J 15:1611\u20131621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pbi.12743","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol J"},{"key":"4956_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2025.2452955","volume":"24","author":"GL Costa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Costa GL, Sautto GA (2025) Towards an HCV vaccine: an overview of the immunization strategies for eliciting an effective B-cell response. Expert Rev Vaccines 24:96\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14760584.2025.2452955","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"4956_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.05.077","volume":"139","author":"H Dahari","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dahari H, Feinstone SM, Major ME (2010) Meta-analysis of hepatitis C virus vaccine efficacy in chimpanzees indicates an importance for structural proteins. Gastroenterology 139:965\u2013974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.05.077","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"4956_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.01.011","volume":"363","author":"J Denis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Denis J, Majeau N, Acosta-Ramirez E, Savard C, Bedard MC, Simard S, Lecours K, Bolduc M, Pare C, Willems B, Shoukry N, Tessier P, Lacasse P, Lamarre A, Lapointe R, Lopez Macias C, Leclerc D (2007) Immunogenicity of papaya mosaic virus-like particles fused to a hepatitis C virus epitope: evidence for the critical function of multimerization. Virology 363:59\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2007.01.011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"4956_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10999","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00526-10","volume":"84","author":"P Gastaminza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gastaminza P, Dryden KA, Boyd B, Wood MR, Law M, Yeager M, Chisari FV (2010) Ultrastructural and biophysical characterization of hepatitis C virus particles produced in cell culture. J Virol 84:10999\u201311009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00526-10","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"4956_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0408-2","volume":"26","author":"R Gonzalez-Castro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Castro R, Acero Galindo G, Garc\u00eda Salcedo Y, Uribe Campero L, Vazquez Perez V, Carrillo-Tripp M, Gevorkian G, Gomez Lim MA (2018) Plant-based chimeric HPV-virus-like particles bearing amyloid-\u03b2 epitopes elicit antibodies able to recognize amyloid plaques in APP-tg mouse and Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains. Inflammopharmacology 26:817\u2013827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-017-0408-2","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"4956_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1123805","volume":"14","author":"R Gupta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gupta R, Arora K, Roy SS, Joseph A, Rastogi R, Arora NM, Kundu PK (2023) Platforms, advances, and technical challenges in virus-like particles-based vaccines. Front Immunol 14:1123805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1123805","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4956_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02884901","volume":"45","author":"A Han","year":"2000","unstructured":"Han A, Liu Y, Xiao L et al (2000) Expression of human hepatitis C virus core antigen in tobacco plants by tobacco mosaic virus-based vector system. Chin Sci Bull 45:44\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02884901","journal-title":"Chin Sci Bull"},{"key":"4956_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8248779","volume":"262","author":"PB Harbury","year":"1993","unstructured":"Harbury PB, Zhang T, Kim PS, Alber T (1993) A switch between two-, three-, and four-stranded coiled coils in GCN4 leucine zipper mutants. Science 262:1401\u20131407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.8248779","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4956_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081596","volume":"13","author":"AS Hartlage","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hartlage AS, Kapoor A (2021) Hepatitis C virus vaccine research: time to put up or shut up. Viruses 13:1596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13081596","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"4956_CR20","first-page":"22","volume":"13","author":"JL Horsley-Silva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Horsley-Silva JL, Vargas HE (2017) New therapies for hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:22\u201331 (PMID: 28420944)","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4956_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.22299","volume":"103","author":"Z Huang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang Z, Chen Q, Hjelm B, Arntzen C, Mason H (2009) A DNA replicon system for rapid high-level production of virus-like particles in plants. Biotechnol Bioeng 103:706\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.22299","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"4956_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5931","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.12.5917","volume":"13","author":"H Keyvani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Keyvani H, Fazlalipour M, Monavari SH, Mollaie HR (2012) Hepatitis C virus proteins, diagnosis, treatment and new approaches for vaccine development. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 13:5931\u20135949 (PMID: 23464383)","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"4956_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13243564","volume":"13","author":"ES Mardanova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mardanova ES, Vasyagin EA, Ravin NV (2024) Virus-like particles produced in plants: a promising platform for recombinant vaccine development. Plants (Basel) 13:3564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants13243564","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"},{"key":"4956_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/hepatmon.20524","volume":"14","author":"S Mohammadzadeh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohammadzadeh S, Khabiri A, Roohvand F, Memarnejadian A, Salmanian AH, Ajdary S, Ehsani P (2014) Enhanced transient expression of hepatitis C virus core protein in Nicotiana tabacum, a protein with potential clinical applications. Hepat Mon 14:e20524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/hepatmon.20524","journal-title":"Hepat Mon"},{"key":"4956_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2015.1048371","volume":"54","author":"S Mohammadzadeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mohammadzadeh S, Roohvand F, Memarnejadian A, Jafari A, Ajdary S, Salmanian AH, Ehsani P (2015) Co-expression of hepatitis C virus polytope\u2013HBsAg and p19-silencing suppressor protein in tobacco leaves. Pharm Biol 54:465\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13880209.2015.1048371","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"4956_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050070008","volume":"145","author":"LG Nemchinov","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nemchinov LG, Liang TJ, Rifaat MM, Mazyad HM, Hadidi A, Keith JM (2000) Development of a plant-derived subunit vaccine candidate against hepatitis C virus. Arch Virol 145:2557\u20132573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s007050070008","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"4956_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050803","volume":"16","author":"BG Pierce","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pierce BG, Felbinger N, Metcalf M, Toth EA, Ofek G, Fuerst TR (2024) Hepatitis C virus E1E2 structure, diversity, and implications for vaccine development. Viruses 16:803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16050803","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"4956_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061035","volume":"12","author":"M Sallam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sallam M, Khalil R (2024) Contemporary insights into hepatitis C virus: a comprehensive review. Microorganisms 12:1035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12061035","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4956_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.07.005","volume":"80","author":"J Schoberer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schoberer J, Strasser R (2018) Plant glyco-biotechnology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 80:133\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.07.005","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4956_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.70120","volume":"20","author":"Y Shi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shi Y, Jiao Q, Hu X, Jia T (2025) Recent advances in plant-based vaccines: from molecular farming innovations to global health applications. Biotechnol J 20(9):e70120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/biot.70120","journal-title":"Biotechnol J"},{"key":"4956_CR31","unstructured":"Stateofhepc (2025) Hepatitis C, the State of Medicaid Access Report. https:\/\/stateofhepc.org\/ Accessed 30 September 2025."},{"key":"4956_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.3390\/v2081734","volume":"2","author":"AD Strosberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strosberg AD, Kota S, Takahashi V, Snyder JK, Mousseau G (2010) Core as a novel viral target for hepatitis C drugs. Viruses 2:1734\u20131751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v2081734","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"4956_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2015.07.012","volume":"102","author":"L Uribe-Campero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uribe-Campero L, Monroy-Garc\u00eda A, Dur\u00e1n-Meza AL, Villagrana-Escare\u00f1o MV, Ru\u00edz-Garc\u00eda J, Hern\u00e1ndez J, N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Palenius HG, G\u00f3mez-Lim MA (2015) Plant-based porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus VLPs induce an immune response in mice. Res Vet Sci 102:59\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2015.07.012","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"4956_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091697","volume":"13","author":"S Venkataraman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Venkataraman S, Hefferon K (2021) Application of plant viruses in biotechnology, medicine, and human health. Viruses 13:1697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13091697","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"4956_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2007.00250.x","volume":"5","author":"JM Walker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walker JM, Vierstra RD (2007) A ubiquitin-based vector for the co-ordinated synthesis of multiple proteins in plants. Plant Biotechnol J 5:413\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2007.00250.x","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol J"},{"key":"4956_CR36","unstructured":"WHO (2025) Global health observatory: chronic viral hepatitis. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/chronic-viral-hepatitis. Accessed 30 September 2025."},{"key":"4956_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2022.10.008","volume":"577","author":"YH Wijesundara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wijesundara YH, Herbert FC, Kumari S, Howlett T, Koirala S, Trashi O, Trashi I, Al-Kharji NM, Gassensmith JJ (2022) Rip it, stitch it, click it: a chemist\u2019s guide to VLP manipulation. Virology 577:105\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2022.10.008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"4956_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021533","volume":"24","author":"G Zahmanova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zahmanova G, Aljabali AA, Takova K, Toneva V, Tambuwala MM, Andonov AP, Lukov GL, Minkov I (2023) The plant viruses and molecular farming: how beneficial they might be for human and animal health? Int J Mol Sci 24:1533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24021533","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"}],"container-title":["Planta"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00425-026-04956-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00425-026-04956-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00425-026-04956-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T15:04:22Z","timestamp":1774451062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00425-026-04956-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00425-026-04956-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-0935","1432-2048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-0935","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that this work is not subject to any conflicts of interest, funding, employment, financial, and non-financial interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"86"}}