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Defense-related gene induction includes increased methionine cycle and glucosinolates metabolism.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Elevated CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (eCO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) increases photosynthetic performance of plants, but also leads to decreased nitrogen-to-carbon ratio and a long-term decline in photosynthetic activity, known as photosynthetic acclimation. It is unclear whether initially increased CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      assimilation or perturbation of the physiological homeostasis triggers acclimation. Here, we used a combination of omics analysis to investigate immediate (1\u00a0day) and delayed (7\u00a0days) responses of plants to rising atmospheric CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , thus allowing us to discriminate regulatory from metabolic effects. Responses of wildtype\n                      <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                      plants, Columbia-0, were compared to those of the\n                      <jats:italic>hpr1-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant of peroxisomal hydroxy-pyruvate reductase that has reduced photorespiratory turnover at ambient CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Comparisons enabled separating the impact of eCO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (1000\u00a0ppm) on increased carbon assimilation from that of reduced photorespiration. While both genotypes had elevated sugar levels at eCO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , the wildtype displayed symptoms of stress that were accompanied by perturbation of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. These were consistent with physiological parameters, including non-photochemical quenching and chlorophyll fluorescence. The induction of defense-related mechanisms was tightly associated with increased sulfate assimilation, methionine cycle activity\u00a0and glucosinolates metabolism, all being early responses of the wildtype to eCO\n                      <jats:sub>2.<\/jats:sub>\n                      Transcriptome data pointed to hexokinase1 as a central regulatory hub in orchestrating these responses. In contrast, eCO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      enabled the\n                      <jats:italic>hpr1-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant to metabolically align with the wildtype. Results offer new interpretations of how the impairment of carbon and nitrogen recycling is compensated in the\n                      <jats:italic>hpr1-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-026-04958-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T15:50:04Z","timestamp":1773676204000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sudden elevation of carbon dioxide concentration causes perturbation of the electron transport chain and triggers defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"263","author":[{"given":"Danial","family":"Shokouhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob Sebastian","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Walther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Kepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Schwenkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Leister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Gremmels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Zuther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Alpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"N\u00e4gele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2074-3234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnd G.","family":"Heyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"4958_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0616-y","volume":"2","author":"C Abadie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abadie C, Tcherkez G (2019) Plant sulphur metabolism is stimulated by photorespiration. 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