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However, their comparative performance remains variable across studies and experimental contexts. This study investigated whether single plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) strains and a defined bacterial consortium differentially modulate P nutrition and early growth of tomato under contrasting P availability. Tomato plants were grown hydroponically in a factorial design combining single-strain inoculations (\n                      <jats:italic>Azospirillum brasilense<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Pantoea agglomerans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Priestia aryabhattai<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), a defined consortium, and a non-inoculated control under five P regimes differing in concentration and chemical form (soluble\n                      <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic>\n                      insoluble). Plant growth and root architecture traits were evaluated alongside ionomics and targeted expression analysis of\n                      <jats:italic>SlPHT1<\/jats:italic>\n                      transporters, thus linking plant performance with nutrient status and regulation. Results indicated that\n                      <jats:italic>P. agglomerans<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed the most stable benefits under soluble P, while\n                      <jats:italic>A. brasilense<\/jats:italic>\n                      strongly promoted adaptive root and transporter responses under moderate limitation.\n                      <jats:italic>P. aryabhattai<\/jats:italic>\n                      induced subtler growth effects but reshaped nutrient associations, particularly with insoluble P. By contrast, the consortium did not consistently outperform single strains and showed clear advantages only when insoluble P was the sole source. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the effectiveness of single\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      multi-strain inoculation is strongly context-dependent and emerges from the interaction between P availability, strain identity, and plant response integration. Accordingly, effective consortia should be designed based on functional complementarity and balance, rather than on increasing inoculant complexity, as overlapping PGP traits may lead to non-additive or even counterproductive effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-026-05134-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:12:08Z","timestamp":1787652728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["More is not always better: phosphorus context shapes the effectiveness of single-strain and consortium plant growth-promoting bacteria in tomato"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Alice Ferreira","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1143-4854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica Yorlady Alzate","family":"Zuluaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talita","family":"de Oliveira Caretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Monterisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Dini","family":"Andreote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Cesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youry","family":"Pii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"5134_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae11010064","volume":"11","author":"R Abou Jaoud\u00e9","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abou Jaoud\u00e9 R, Luziatelli F, Ficca AG, Ruzzi M (2025) Effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria synthetic consortium on growth, yield, and metabolic profile of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown under suboptimal nutrient regime. 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