{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:11:10Z","timestamp":1792782670031,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/210.827\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.827\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/204.527\/2025 -BBP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/204.527\/2025 -BBP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["406238\/2022\u20137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406238\/2022\u20137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["447621\/2024-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["447621\/2024-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315237\/2023-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315237\/2023-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01.02.016301.02461\/2025-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.02.016301.02461\/2025-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.721965\/2022-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.721965\/2022-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universidade Federal Do Amazonas","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02263ky35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Planta"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Protandry in Bauhinia variegata is expressed through coordinated changes in floral morphology, scent composition, secretory activity, and nectar presentation, whereas petal reflectance remains stable; molecular docking further indicates that key phase-associated volatiles are structurally compatible with a bee odourant-binding protein, supporting mechanistic plausibility of olfactory detectability without demonstrating behavioral attraction.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Bauhinia variegata<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibits protandrous flowers in which floral morphology, scent production, and nectar presentation change through anthesis. Here, we examined anthesis, stigma receptivity, petal reflectance, volatile organic compound (VOC) composition across floral organs and phases, secretory structures, nectar dynamics, and the structural compatibility of selected phase-discriminant VOCs with a honeybee odourant-binding protein. Flowers exhibited prolonged anthesis, opening at night and remaining functional for 2\u20133\u00a0days. Pollen release predominated during the 1st day (staminate phase), whereas maximal stigma receptivity occurred on the 2nd day (pistillate phase), accompanied by elongation and curvature of the style. Petal reflectance remained stable across phases. Floral scent was spatially heterogeneous among organs and temporally dynamic across anthesis, with terpene-rich bouquets dominated by \u03b1-pinene and \u03b2-pinene and with phase- or organ-informative compounds including nonanal, limonene, trans-caryophyllene, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. Cavitated secretory trichomes and sepals showed evidence of terpene-associated secretion. Nectar volume and total sugar content\u00a0peaked during the pistillate phase, coinciding with strongest stigma receptivity. Molecular docking with AmelOBP14 showed that key phase-associated VOCs are structurally compatible with a bee odourant-binding protein, providing complementary mechanistic support for their potential olfactory detectability. Together, these results show that protandry in\n                      <jats:italic>B. variegata<\/jats:italic>\n                      is expressed through coordinated changes in morphology, scent, secretory activity, and nectar presentation, indicating a complex signalling strategy; however behavioural responses of floral visitors remain to be tested.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-026-05146-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:57:09Z","timestamp":1789808229000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Floral dynamics in the protandrous flowers of Bauhinia variegata (Fabaceae): phase-specific morphology, scent, and nectar production"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Andrews Vinicius Santos","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidal","family":"de Freitas Mansano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalton Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Veloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Claudia Fernandes","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jefferson Diocesano","family":"da Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabr\u00edcio","family":"de Oliveira Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter Sotto Mayor Fernandes","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2569-1306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jefferson Rocha","family":"de Andrade Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Joaquim","family":"Bergamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0072-639X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Villela","family":"Paulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"5146_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2023.1274197","volume":"3","author":"JA Abendroth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abendroth JA, Moural TW, Wei H, Zhu F (2023) Roles of insect odorant binding proteins in communication and xenobiotic adaptation. Front Insect Sci 3:1274197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/finsc.2023.1274197","journal-title":"Front Insect Sci"},{"key":"5146_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2001)082[0127:FSRPAA]2.0.CO;2","volume":"82","author":"MA Aizen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aizen MA (2001) Flower sex ratio, pollinator abundance, and the seasonal pollination dynamics of a protandrous plant. Ecology 82:127\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/0012-9658(2001)082[0127:FSRPAA]2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"5146_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02118.x","volume":"13","author":"MA Aizen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aizen MA, Ashworth L, Galetto L (2002) Reproductive success in fragmented habitats: do compatibility systems and pollination specialization matter? J Veg Sci 13:885\u2013892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02118.x","journal-title":"J Veg Sci"},{"key":"5146_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plac041","volume":"14","author":"JP Basso-Alves","year":"2022","unstructured":"Basso-Alves JP, da Silva RF, Coimbra G, Leit\u00e3o SG, de Rezende CM, Bizzo HR, Freitas L, Paulino JV, Mansano VF (2022) Heteromorphic stamens are differentially attractive in Swartzia (Fabaceae). AoB Plants 14:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aobpla\/plac041","journal-title":"AoB Plants"},{"key":"5146_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.2307\/2265746","volume":"77","author":"J Brunet","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brunet J (1996) Male reproductive success and variation in fruit and seed set in Aquilegia caerulea (Ranunculaceae). Ecology 77:2458\u20132471","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"5146_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1995.tb05959.x","volume":"49","author":"J Brunet","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brunet J, Charlesworth D (1995) Floral sex allocation in sequentially blooming plants. Evolution 49:70\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1995.tb05959.x","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"5146_CR7","first-page":"101","volume":"35","author":"LA Burkle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burkle LA, Runyon JB (2019) Floral complexity and the fitness consequences for plant\u2013pollinator interactions under global change. Curr Opin Insect Sci 35:101\u2013108","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"key":"5146_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1979.0082","volume":"205","author":"D Charlesworth","year":"1979","unstructured":"Charlesworth D, Charlesworth B (1979) The evolutionary genetics of sexual systems in flowering plants. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 205:513\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.1979.0082","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"5146_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.03.039","volume":"650","author":"J Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen J, Wang W, Lv S, Yin P, Zhao X, Lu X, Zhang F, Xu G (2009) Metabonomics study of liver cancer based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with HILIC and RPLC separations. Anal Chim Acta 650:3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aca.2009.03.039","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"5146_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W486","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky310","volume":"46","author":"J Chong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chong J, Soufan O, Li C, Caraus I, Li S, Bourque G, Wishart DS, Xia J (2018) MetaboAnalyst 4.0: towards more transparent and integrative metabolomics analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 46:W486\u2013W494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gky310","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"5146_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2745.1999.00385.x","volume":"87","author":"JE Cresswell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cresswell JE (1999) The influence of nectar and pollen availability on pollen transfer by individual flowers of oil-seed rape (Brassica napus) when pollinated by bumblebees. J Ecol 87:670\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2745.1999.00385.x","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"key":"5146_CR74","unstructured":"Cruden RW, Hermann SM (1983) Studying nectar? Some observations on the art. In: Bentley B, Elias T, eds. The biology of nectaries. New York: Columbia University Press, 223\u2013241"},{"key":"5146_CR12","volume-title":"Practical pollination biology","author":"A Dafni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dafni A, Kevan PG, Husband BC (2005) Practical pollination biology. Ontario, Canada, Cambridge"},{"key":"5146_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-020-04710-z","volume":"197","author":"KGS Dani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dani KGS, Fineschi S, Michelozzi M, Trivellini A, Pollastri S, Loreto F (2021) Diversification of petal monoterpene profiles during floral development and senescence in wild roses: relationships among geraniol content, petal colour, and floral lifespan. Oecologia 197:957\u2013969","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"5146_CR14","first-page":"1338","volume":"258","author":"R David","year":"1964","unstructured":"David R, Card\u00e9 JP (1964) Histochimie-coloration diff\u00e9rentielle des inclusions lipidiques et terp\u00e9niques des pseudophylles du pin maritime au moyen du r\u00e9actif NADI. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S\u00e9ances De L\u2019acad\u00e9mie des Sciences 258:1338","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des S\u00e9ances De L\u2019acad\u00e9mie des Sciences"},{"key":"5146_CR15","first-page":"47","volume":"56","author":"B Denisow","year":"2003","unstructured":"Denisow B (2003) Pollen viability of some Salvia L. species. Acta Agrobotanica 56:47\u201355","journal-title":"Acta Agrobotanica"},{"key":"5146_CR16","first-page":"9","volume":"62","author":"B Denisow","year":"2009","unstructured":"Denisow B (2009) Flowering and pollen release in Anchusa officinalis L. and Anchusa arvensis M.Bieb. Acta Agrobotanica 62:9\u201316","journal-title":"Acta Agrobotanica"},{"key":"5146_CR17","first-page":"39","volume":"64","author":"B Denisow","year":"2011","unstructured":"Denisow B (2011) Pollen production of several Viola L. species in natural and anthropogenic sites. Acta Agrobotanica 64:39\u201346","journal-title":"Acta Agrobotanica"},{"key":"5146_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5586\/aa.1734","volume":"71","author":"B Denisow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Denisow B, Strza\u0142kowska-Abramek M, Wrzesie\u0144 M (2018) Nectar secretion and pollen production in protandrous flowers of Campanula patula L. (Campanulaceae). Acta Agrobot 71:1","journal-title":"Acta Agrobot"},{"key":"5146_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00984096","volume":"222","author":"HEM Dobson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dobson HEM, Bergstr\u00f6m G (2000) The ecology and evolution of pollen odors. Plant Syst Evol 222:63\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00984096","journal-title":"Plant Syst Evol"},{"key":"5146_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NP00024A","volume":"40","author":"S D\u00f6tterl","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u00f6tterl S, Gershenzon J (2023) Chemistry, biosynthesis and biology of floral volatiles: roles in pollination and other functions. Nat Prod Rep 40:1901\u20131937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D3NP00024A","journal-title":"Nat Prod Rep"},{"key":"5146_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201520140151","volume":"87","author":"JM Duarte-Almeida","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duarte-Almeida JM, Clemente MS, Arruda RC, Morschbacher M, Temponi LG, Bittrich V, Amaral M (2015) Glands on the foliar surfaces of tribe Cercideae (Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae): distribution and taxonomic significance. An Acad Bras Cienc 87:787\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0001-3765201520140151","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"key":"5146_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1b","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2011.01738.x","volume":"26","author":"E Elle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elle E, Elwell SL, Cartar RV (2012) Socioeconomic predictors of willingness to pay for conservation. Conserv Biol 26:1b\u201318","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"key":"5146_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1988.tb04159.x","volume":"108","author":"A Fahn","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fahn A (1988) Secretory tissues in vascular plants. New Phytol 108:229\u2013257","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"5146_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/njb.03014","volume":"39","author":"Y Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Y, Friberg M, Parachnowitsch AL (2021) Spatial variation in scent emission within flowers. Nord J Bot 39:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/njb.03014","journal-title":"Nord J Bot"},{"key":"5146_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1080\/23802359.2020.1749168","volume":"5","author":"S Gu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gu S, Chen Y, Zheng D, Meng S, Tu T (2020) The complete plastid genome of Bauhinia variegata L. var. variegata (Leguminosae). Mitochondrial DNA B 5:1701\u20131702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23802359.2020.1749168","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA B"},{"key":"5146_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2307\/2389759","volume":"6","author":"LD Harder","year":"1992","unstructured":"Harder LD, Barrett SCH (1992) The energy cost of bee pollination for Pontederia cordata (Pontederiaceae). Funct Ecol 6:226\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2389759","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"5146_CR27","first-page":"399","volume":"5","author":"JA Harris","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harris JA, Johnson LB (2004) Plant community diversity and composition in agricultural landscapes. Basic Appl Ecol 5:399\u2013411","journal-title":"Basic Appl Ecol"},{"key":"5146_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-209","volume":"15","author":"KPD Jayanthi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jayanthi KPD, Kempraj V, Aurade RM, Roy TK, Shivashankara KS, Verghese A (2014) Computational reverse chemical ecology: virtual screening and predicting behaviourally active semiochemicals for Bactrocera dorsalis. BMC Genomics 15:209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2164-15-209","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"5146_CR29","volume-title":"Plant microtechnique","author":"DA Johansen","year":"1940","unstructured":"Johansen DA (1940) Plant microtechnique. McGraw-Hill, New York"},{"key":"5146_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1996.0897","volume":"267","author":"G Jones","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jones G, Willett P, Glen RC, Leach AR, Taylor R (1997) Development and validation of a genetic algorithm for flexible docking. J Mol Biol 267:727\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jmbi.1996.0897","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"5146_CR31","volume-title":"Techniques for pollination biologists","author":"CA Kearns","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kearns CA, Inouye DW (1993) Techniques for pollination biologists. University Press of Colorado, Niwot"},{"key":"5146_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1663\/0006-8101(2006)72[1:DADOFS]2.0.CO;2","volume":"72","author":"JT Knudsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Knudsen JT, Eriksson R, Gershenzon J, St\u00e5hl B (2006) Diversity and distribution of floral scent. Bot Rev 72:1\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1663\/0006-8101(2006)72[1:DADOFS]2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"Bot Rev"},{"key":"5146_CR33","first-page":"1851","volume":"226","author":"MH Koski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koski MH (2020) Macroevolutionary trade-offs in the elaboration of pollination syndromes. New Phytol 226:1851\u20131863","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"5146_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-7285-2_18","volume-title":"Antioxidants in fruits: properties and health benefits","author":"S Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar S, Baniwal P, Kaur J, Kumar H (2020) Kachnar (Bauhinia variegata). Antioxidants in fruits: properties and health benefits. Springer, Singapore, pp 365\u2013377"},{"key":"5146_CR35","first-page":"787","volume":"12","author":"M Larsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Larsson M, Kevan PG, Tegelberg R, Holefors A, Khalil S, R\u00f8nn C (2021) Multimodal flower signals and their detection by pollinators. Front Plant Sci 12:787","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"5146_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467408005762","volume":"25","author":"CP Lau","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lau CP, Saunders RM, Ramsden L (2009) Floral biology, breeding systems and population genetic structure of three climbing Bauhinia species (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) in Hong Kong, China. J Trop Ecol 25:147\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0266467408005762","journal-title":"J Trop Ecol"},{"key":"5146_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-022-01802-z","volume":"109","author":"YB Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu YB, Zeng ZJ, Barron AB, Ma Y, He YZ, Liu JF, Li Z, Yan WY, He XJ (2022) The involvement of a floral scent in plant-honeybee interaction. Sci Nat 109:30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00114-022-01802-z","journal-title":"Sci Nat"},{"key":"5146_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1984.tb01600.x","volume":"21","author":"DG Lloyd","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lloyd DG (1984) Variation strategies of plants in heterogeneous environments. Biol J Linn Soc 21:357\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1984.tb01600.x","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc"},{"key":"5146_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/0028825X.1986.10409725","volume":"24","author":"DG Lloyd","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lloyd DG, Webb CJ (1986) The avoidance of interference between the presentation of pollen and stigmas in angiosperms. I. Dichogamy. N Z J Bot 24:135\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0028825X.1986.10409725","journal-title":"N Z J Bot"},{"key":"5146_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.052688","volume":"214","author":"K Lunau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lunau K, Papiorek S, Eltz T, Sazima M (2011) Avoidance of achromatic colours by bees provides a private niche for hummingbirds. J Exp Biol 214:1607\u20131612","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"5146_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2021.01.006","volume":"24","author":"W Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma W, Long D, Wang Y, Su W, Ding G, Jiang Y, Huang J (2021) Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Asian and European honeybees to pear flower volatiles. J Asia Pac Entomol 24:221\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aspen.2021.01.006","journal-title":"J Asia Pac Entomol"},{"key":"5146_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/boj.12369","volume":"180","author":"CR Marinho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marinho CR, Oliveira RB, Teixeira SP (2016) The uncommon cavitated secretory trichomes in Bauhinia s.s. (Fabaceae): the same roles in different organs. Bot J Linn Soc 180:104\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/boj.12369","journal-title":"Bot J Linn Soc"},{"key":"5146_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.3008","volume":"36","author":"C Mayack","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mayack C, Natsopoulou ME, McMahon DP (2023) Modeling disruption of Apis mellifera odorant-binding protein function with high-affinity binders. J Mol Recognit 36:e3008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmr.3008","journal-title":"J Mol Recognit"},{"key":"5146_CR44","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information (2026) PubChem. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/. Accessed 25 Jan 2026"},{"key":"5146_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s40415-013-0011-8","volume":"36","author":"HFP Neto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neto HFP (2013) Floral biology and breeding system of Bauhinia forficata (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), a moth-pollinated tree in southeastern Brazil. Braz J Bot 36:55\u201364","journal-title":"Braz J Bot"},{"key":"5146_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29839","volume":"6","author":"EL Neuschulz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neuschulz EL, Mueller T, Schleuning M, B\u00f6hning-Gaese K (2016) Pollination and seed dispersal are the most threatened processes of plant regeneration. Sci Rep 6:29839","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5146_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00606-002-0277-y","volume":"238","author":"E Pacini","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pacini E, Nepi M, Vesprini JL (2003) Nectar biodiversity: a short review. Plant Syst Evol 238:7\u201321","journal-title":"Plant Syst Evol"},{"key":"5146_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00384804","volume":"68","author":"O Pellmyr","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pellmyr O (1986) Three pollination morphs in Cimicifuga simplex: incipient speciation due to inferiority in competition. Oecologia 68:304\u2013307","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"5146_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/326257a0","volume":"326","author":"O Pellmyr","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pellmyr O (1987) Evolutionary stability of mutualism between Yucca plants and yucca moths. Nature 326:257\u2013259","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5146_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12339","volume":"93","author":"P Pelosi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pelosi P, Iovinella I, Zhu J, Wang GR, Dani FR (2018) Beyond chemoreception: diverse tasks of soluble olfactory proteins in insects. Biol Rev 93:184\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/brv.12339","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"5146_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.02.014","volume":"32","author":"SL Pimm","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pimm SL, Raven P (2017) The fate of the world\u2019s plants. Trends Ecol Evol 32:317\u2013320","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"5146_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.16.110185.000311","volume":"16","author":"RB Primack","year":"1985","unstructured":"Primack RB (1985) Longevity of individual flowers. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 16:15\u201337","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"5146_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(78)90024-6","volume":"26","author":"GH Pyke","year":"1978","unstructured":"Pyke GH (1978a) Are animals efficient harvesters? Anim Behav 26:241\u2013250","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"5146_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00348054","volume":"36","author":"GH Pyke","year":"1978","unstructured":"Pyke GH (1978b) Optimal foraging in bumblebees and coevolution with their plants. Oecologia 36:281\u2013293","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"5146_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(78)90036-9","volume":"13","author":"GH Pyke","year":"1978","unstructured":"Pyke GH (1978c) Optimal foraging: movement patterns of bumblebees between inflorescences. Theor Popul Biol 13:72\u201398","journal-title":"Theor Popul Biol"},{"key":"5146_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2009.01643.x","volume":"23","author":"RA Raguso","year":"2009","unstructured":"Raguso RA (2009) Floral scent in a whole-plant context: moving beyond pollinator attraction. Funct Ecol 23:837\u2013840","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"5146_CR57","first-page":"69","volume":"95","author":"RA Raguso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raguso RA, Weiss MR (2015) Concerted changes in floral colour and scent, and the importance of spatio-temporal variation in floral volatiles. J Indian Inst Sci 95:69\u201392","journal-title":"J Indian Inst Sci"},{"key":"5146_CR58","first-page":"115","volume":"105","author":"AJS Raju","year":"2008","unstructured":"Raju AJS, Rao SP, Jonathan KH (2008) Pollination biology of the orchid tree Bauhinia variegata L. (Caesalpiniaceae) in the Eastern Ghats. India J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 105:115\u2013118","journal-title":"India J Bombay Nat Hist Soc"},{"key":"5146_CR59","first-page":"244","volume":"21","author":"CB Rao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rao CB (2020) Carpenter bee pollination in the purple orchid tree, Bauhinia purpurea L. Species 21:244\u2013248","journal-title":"Species"},{"key":"5146_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcad064","volume":"132","author":"R Sasidharan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sasidharan R, Junker RR, Eilers EJ, M\u00fcller C (2023) Floral volatiles evoke partially similar responses in both florivores and pollinators and are correlated with non-volatile reward chemicals. Ann Bot 132:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aob\/mcad064","journal-title":"Ann Bot"},{"key":"5146_CR61","first-page":"608","volume":"56","author":"R Segal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Segal R, Sauer-Thompson G, Boese G (2006) Principles of conservation biology. Bioscience 56:608","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"5146_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppees.2024.125832","volume":"65","author":"AV Silva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silva AV, Johnson SD, Mansano VF, De Craene LPR, Pedersoli GD, Paulino JV (2024) Puzzling androecium development in Bauhinia galpinii (Fabaceae) facilitates wing pollination by butterflies. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 65:125832. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ppees.2024.125832","journal-title":"Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst"},{"key":"5146_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-018-1014-5","volume":"44","author":"L Sol\u00eds-Montero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sol\u00eds-Montero L, C\u00e1ceres-Garc\u00eda S, Alavez-Rosas D, Arroyo J, Lhernould S, Willmott KR, Damon A (2018) Pollinator preferences for floral volatiles emitted by dimorphic anthers of a buzz-pollinated herb. J Chem Ecol 44:1058\u20131067","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol"},{"key":"5146_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.10.005","volume":"42","author":"S Spinelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Spinelli S, Lagarde A, Iovinella I, Legrand P, Tegoni M, Pelosi P, Cambillau C (2012) Crystal structure of Apis mellifera OBP14, a C-minus odorant-binding protein, and its complexes with odorant molecules. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 42:41\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.10.005","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"5146_CR65","first-page":"411","volume":"74","author":"B Subramaniam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Subramaniam B, Bartlett ME (2023) Developmental timing and floral organ identity: integrating evolution, development, and ecology. Annu Rev Plant Biol 74:411\u2013439","journal-title":"Annu Rev Plant Biol"},{"key":"5146_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.10465","volume":"52","author":"ML Verdonk","year":"2003","unstructured":"Verdonk ML, Cole JC, Hartshorn MJ, Murray CW, Taylor RD (2003) Improved protein-ligand docking using GOLD. Proteins 52:609\u2013623","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"5146_CR67","volume-title":"The role of scent glands in pollination: on the structure and function of osmophores","author":"S Vogel","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vogel S (1990) The role of scent glands in pollination: on the structure and function of osmophores. Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington, DC"},{"key":"5146_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2307\/2399261","volume":"74","author":"CJ Webb","year":"1987","unstructured":"Webb CJ, Littleton J (1987) Flower longevity and protandry in two species of Gentiana (Gentianaceae). Ann Mo Bot Gard 74:51\u201357","journal-title":"Ann Mo Bot Gard"},{"key":"5146_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/jse.12729","volume":"60","author":"YQ Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu YQ, Luo ZL, Wang J, Wei Z, Dong L, Lv M (2022) Secondary pollen presentation: more than to increase pollen transfer precision. J Syst Evol 60:1027\u20131036","journal-title":"J Syst Evol"},{"key":"5146_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.30848\/PJB2023-5(37)","volume":"55","author":"M Zahid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zahid M, Ali M, Khan FZ, Iqbal N, Khan MA, Saeed S (2023) Exploring the best native insect pollinators for the reproductive success of Bauhinia variegata L.(Fabaceae) in Multan, Pakistan. Pak J Bot 55:1909\u20131914","journal-title":"Pak J Bot"},{"key":"5146_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13110973","volume":"13","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang J, Liu J, Gao F, Chen M, Jiang Y, Zhao H, Ma W (2022) Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris to melon flower volatiles. InSects 13:973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/insects13110973","journal-title":"InSects"},{"key":"5146_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073176","volume":"26","author":"J Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang J, Ma W, Zhang Y, Lu S, Zhang C, Zhao H, Jiang Y (2025) Odor-binding protein 2 in Apis mellifera ligustica plays important roles in the response to floral volatiles stimuli from melon and tomato flowers. Int J Mol Sci 26:3176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26073176","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5146_CR72","first-page":"152","volume":"208","author":"M Zych","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zych M, Goldberg J, Pyke GH (2013) Much ado about nothing: nectar and pollen presentation do not affect pollinator behavior in Lychnis flos-cuculi. Flora 208:152\u2013158","journal-title":"Flora"}],"container-title":["Planta"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00425-026-05146-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00425-026-05146-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00425-026-05146-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:32:57Z","timestamp":1792679577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00425-026-05146-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["5146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00425-026-05146-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-0935","1432-2048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-0935","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"No conflict of interest declared.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"135"}}