{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T11:59:43Z","timestamp":1793361583532,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006730","name":"Ministerul Educa\u021biei \u0219i Cercet\u0103rii \u0218tiin\u021bifice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-III-P2\u20132.1-PED-2019\u20134599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P2\u20132.1-PED-2019\u20134599"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000921","name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COST Action CA18106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COST Action CA18106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Implicit learning (IL) deals with the non-conscious acquisition of structural regularities from the environment. IL is often deemed essential for acquiring regularities followed by social stimuli (e.g., other persons\u2019 behavior), hence is hypothesized to play a role in typical social functioning. However, our understanding of how this process might operate in social contexts is limited for two main reasons. First, while IL is highly sensitive to the characteristics of the surface stimuli upon which it operates, most IL studies have used surface stimuli with limited social validity (e.g., letters, symbols, etc.). Second, while the social environment is dynamic (i.e., our behaviors and reactions influence those of our social partners and vice-versa), the bulk of IL research employed noninteractive paradigms. Using a novel task, we examine whether IL is involved in the acquisition of regularities from a dynamic interaction with a realistic real-life-like agent. Participants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009115) interacted with a cinematic avatar that displayed different facial expressions. Their task was to regulate the avatar\u2019s expression to a specified level. Unbeknownst to them, an equation mediated the relationship between their responses and the avatar\u2019s expressions. Learning occurred in the task, as participants gradually increased their ability to bring the avatar in the target state. Subjective measures of awareness revealed that participants acquired both implicit and explicit knowledge from the task. This is the first study to show that IL operates in interactive situations upon socially relevant surface stimuli, facilitating future investigations of the role that IL plays in (a)typical social functioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-022-01709-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T09:03:03Z","timestamp":1661763783000},"page":"1057-1074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Implicit and explicit learning of socio-emotional information in a dynamic interaction with a virtual avatar"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0305-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei R.","family":"Costea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u0103zvan","family":"Jurchi\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Visu-Petra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Cleeremans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisbeth","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Opre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1709_CR2","first-page":"292","volume":"4","author":"BJ Baars","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baars, B. J. (1997). In the theatre of consciousness. Global workspace theory, a rigorous scientific theory of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 4(4), 292\u2013309.","journal-title":"Journal of Consciousness Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"1709_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721410370131","volume":"19","author":"C Becchio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Becchio, C., Sartori, L., & Castiello, U. (2010). Toward you: the social side of actions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(3), 183\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721410370131","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"1709_CR4","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Complex problem solving: The European perspective","author":"DC Berry","year":"1995","unstructured":"Berry, D. C., & Broadbent, D. E. (1995). Implicit learning in the control of complex systems. In P. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European perspective (pp. 131\u2013150). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates"},{"issue":"2","key":"1709_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748408402156","volume":"36","author":"DC Berry","year":"1984","unstructured":"Berry, D. C., & Broadbent, D. E. (1984). On the relationship between task performance and associated verbalizable knowledge. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36(2), 209\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14640748408402156","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"1709_CR305","volume-title":"Implicit learning: Theoretical and empirical issues","author":"DC Berry","year":"1993","unstructured":"Berry, D. C., & Dienes, Z. (1993). Implicit learning: Theoretical and empirical issues. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR6","first-page":"29","volume":"16","author":"EMOKE Borbely-Ipkovich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Borbely-Ipkovich, E. M. O. K. E., Janacsek, K., Nemeth, D., & Gonda, X. (2014). The effect of negative mood and major depressive episode on working memory and implicit learning. Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica, 16(1), 29\u201342.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica"},{"issue":"9","key":"1709_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210903536910","volume":"63","author":"J Brown","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brown, J., Aczel, B., Jim\u00e9nez, L., Kaufman, S. B., & Grant, K. P. (2010). Intact implicit learning in autism spectrum conditions. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(9), 1789\u20131812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470210903536910","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"10","key":"1709_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01232-7","volume":"2","author":"A Cleeremans","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cleeremans, A., Destrebecqz, A., & Boyer, M. (1998). Implicit learning: news from the front. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2(10), 406\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01232-7","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"1709_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.120.3.235","volume":"120","author":"A Cleeremans","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cleeremans, A., & McClelland, J. L. (1991). Learning the structure of event sequences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 120(3), 235\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-3445.120.3.235","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"1709_CR308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.01.032","volume":"112","author":"CM Conway","year":"2020","unstructured":"Conway, C. M. (2020). How does the brain learn environmental structure? Ten core principles for understanding the neurocognitive mechanisms of statistical learning. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 112, 279\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.01.032.","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"1709_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196171","volume":"8","author":"A Destrebecqz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Destrebecqz, A., & Cleeremans, A. (2001). Can sequence learning be implicit? New evidence with the process dissociation procedure. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8(2), 343\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03196171","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"key":"1709_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dienes, Z. (2012). Conscious versus unconscious learning of structure. In P. Rebuschat & J. Williams (Eds.), Statistical learning and language acquisition (pp. 337\u2013364). De Gruyter Mouton.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781934078242.337"},{"key":"1709_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dienes, Z., & Altmann, G. (1997). Transfer of implicit knowledge across domains: How implicit and how abstract. In D. C. Berry (Ed.), How implicit is implicit learning? (pp. 107\u2013123). Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198523512.003.0005"},{"issue":"5","key":"1709_CR18","first-page":"1322","volume":"21","author":"Z Dienes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dienes, Z., Altmann, G., Kwan, L., & Goode, A. (1995). Unconscious knowledge of artificial grammars is applied strategically. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(5), 1322.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210769","volume":"4","author":"Z Dienes","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dienes, Z., & Berry, D. (1997). Implicit learning: below the subjective threshold. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4(1), 3\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03210769","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"1709_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.21.4.848","volume":"21","author":"Z Dienes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dienes, Z., & Fahey, R. (1995). Role of specific instances in controlling a dynamic system. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 848\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.21.4.848","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"1709_CR306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/713755772","volume":"51A","author":"Z Dienes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dienes, Z., & Fahey, R. (1998). The role of implicit memory in controlling a dynamic system. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51A, 593\u2013614","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"1709_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-004-0208-3","volume":"69","author":"Z Dienes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dienes, Z., & Scott, R. (2005). Measuring unconscious knowledge: distinguishing structural knowledge and judgement knowledge. Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 69(5\u20136), 338\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00426-004-0208-3","journal-title":"Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung"},{"key":"1709_CR300","first-page":"262","volume-title":"Psychology (BPS Textbooks in Psychology)","author":"Z Dienes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dienes, Z., & Seth, A. K. (2018). Conscious versus unconscious processes. In G. C. L. Davey (Ed.), Psychology (BPS Textbooks in Psychology) (pp. 262\u2013323). Chichester: Wiley"},{"issue":"5","key":"1709_CR303","first-page":"1741","volume":"40","author":"B Eitam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eitam, B., Glass-Hackel, R., Aviezer, H., Dienes, Z., Shoval, R., & Higgins, E. T. (2014). Are task irrelevant faces unintentionally processed? Implicit learning as a test case. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40(5), 1741","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"1709_CR23","volume-title":"Facial action coding system. Manual and investigator\u2019s guide","author":"P Ekman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Hager, J. C. (2002). Facial action coding system. Manual and investigator\u2019s guide. Salt Lake City: Research Nexus."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1709_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.03.015","volume":"119","author":"C Exner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Exner, C., Lange, C., & Irle, E. (2009). Impaired implicit learning and reduced pre-supplementary motor cortex size in early-onset major depression with melancholic features. Journal of Affective Disorders, 119(1\u20133), 156\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2009.03.015","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"1709_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/713755772","volume":"51","author":"R Fahey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fahey, R., & Dienes, Z. (1998). The role of implicit memory in controlling a dynamic system. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51(3), 593\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/713755772","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1709_CR307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.12.010","volume":"19","author":"R Frost","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frost, R., Armstrong, B. C., Siegelman, N., & Christiansen, M. H. (2015). Domain generality versus modality specificity: the paradox of statistical learning. Trends in cognitive sciences, 19(3), 117\u2013125","journal-title":"Trends in cognitive sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2009.10.001","volume":"19","author":"Q Fu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fu, Q., Dienes, Z., & Fu, X. (2012). Can unconscious knowledge allow control in sequence learning? Consciousness and Cognition, 19(1), 462\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2009.10.001","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"1709_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2018.04.010","volume":"62","author":"Q Fu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fu, Q., Sun, H., Dienes, Z., & Fu, X. (2018). Implicit sequence learning of chunking and abstract structures. Consciousness and Cognition, 62, 42\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2018.04.010","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"1709_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00197","volume":"12","author":"A Geiger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Geiger, A., Cleeremans, A., Bente, G., & Vogeley, K. (2018). Social cues alter implicit motor learning in a serial reaction time task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 197.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/10883576070220010201","volume":"22","author":"B Gordon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gordon, B., & Stark, S. (2007). Procedural learning of a visual sequence in individuals with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22(1), 14\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10883576070220010201","journal-title":"Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.23.1.201","volume":"23","author":"H Hendrickx","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hendrickx, H., De Houwer, J., Baeyens, F., Eelen, P., & Van Avermaet, E. (1997). Hidden covariation detection might be very hidden indeed. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(1), 201\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.23.1.201.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"9","key":"1709_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000633","volume":"148","author":"II Ivanchei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ivanchei, I. I., Moroshkina, N., Tikhonov, R., & Ovchinnikova, I. (2019). Implicit learning in attractiveness evaluation: the role of conformity and analytical processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(9), 1505\u20131516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xge0000633","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"5","key":"1709_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(91)90025-F","volume":"30","author":"LL Jacoby","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(5), 513\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0749-596X(91)90025-F","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"1709_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.021","volume":"81","author":"K Janacsek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Janacsek, K., Borb\u00e9ly-Ipkovich, E., Nemeth, D., & Gonda, X. (2018). How can the depressed mind extract and remember predictive relationships of the environment? Evidence from implicit probabilistic sequence learning. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 81, 17\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.021","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"1709_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2020.102919","volume":"80","author":"L Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez, L., Oliveira, H. M., & Soares, A. P. (2020). Surface features can deeply affect artificial grammar learning. Consciousness and Cognition, 80, 102\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2020.102919","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"issue":"9","key":"1709_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1037\/xge000073","volume":"149","author":"R Jurchi\u0219","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jurchi\u0219, R., Costea, A., Dienes, Z., Miclea, M., & Opre, A. (2020). Evaluative conditioning of artificial grammars: Evidence that subjectively-unconscious structures bias affective evaluations of novel stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 149(9), 1800\u20131809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xge000073.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.12.1.135","volume":"12","author":"P Lewicki","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lewicki, P. (1986). Processing information about covariations that cannot be articulated. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12(1), 135\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.12.1.135","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"1709_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-02703-0","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, X., Bai, X., Conway, C. M., et al. (2022). Statistical learning for non-social and socially-meaningful stimuli in individuals with high and low levels of autistic traits. Curr Psychol,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-022-02703-0.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.126.1.109","volume":"126","author":"MD Lieberman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lieberman, M. D. (2000). Intuition: a social cognitive neuroscience approach. Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0033-2909.126.1.109","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"10","key":"1709_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.180469","volume":"5","author":"X Ling","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ling, X., Zheng, L., Guo, X., Li, S., Song, S., Sun, L., & Dienes, Z. (2018). Cross-cultural differences in implicit learning of chunks versus symmetries. Royal Society Open Science, 5(10), 180469.","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"1709_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006835","volume":"36","author":"SL Naismith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Naismith, S. L., Hickie, I. B., Ward, P. B., Scott, E., & Little, C. (2006). Impaired implicit sequence learning in depression: a probe for frontostriatal dysfunction? Psychological Medicine, 36(3), 313\u2013323.","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1709_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.02.114","volume":"125","author":"SL Naismith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Naismith, S. L., Lagopoulos, J., Ward, P. B., Davey, C. G., Little, C., & Hickie, I. B. (2010). Fronto-striatal correlates of impaired implicit sequence learning in major depression: an fMRI study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125(1\u20133), 256\u2013261.","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"1709_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011731","volume":"5","author":"D Nemeth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nemeth, D., Janacsek, K., Balogh, V., Londe, Z., Mingesz, R., Fazekas, M., & Vetro, A. (2010). Learning in autism: implicitly superb. PLoS ONE, 5(7), e11731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0011731","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X12003214","volume":"37","author":"BR Newell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Newell, B. R., & Shanks, D. R. (2014). Unconscious influences on decision making: a critical review. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(1), 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0140525X12003214","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(87)90002-8","volume":"19","author":"MJ Nissen","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nissen, M. J., & Bullemer, P. (1987). Attentional requirements of learning: evidence from performance measures. Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), 1\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0010-0285(87)90002-8","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1709_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0109-x","volume":"8","author":"E Norman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Norman, E., & Price, M. C. (2012). Social intuition as a form of implicit learning: sequences of body movements are learned less explicitly than letter sequences. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 8(2), 121\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5709\/acp-0109-x","journal-title":"Advances in Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1709_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2011.07.008","volume":"20","author":"E Norman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Norman, E., Price, M. C., & Jones, E. (2011). Measuring strategic control in artificial grammar learning. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(4), 1920\u20131929.","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"1709_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2016.03.014","volume":"42","author":"E Norman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Norman, E., Scott, R. B., Price, M. C., & Dienes, Z. (2016). The relationship between strategic control and conscious structural knowledge in artificial grammar learning. Consciousness and Cognition, 42, 229\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2016.03.014","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"1709_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315628905-7","volume-title":"Implicit learning: 50 years on","author":"E Norman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Norman, E., Scott, R. B., Price, M. C., Jones, E., & Dienes, Z. (2019). Can unconscious structural knowledge be strategically controlled? In A. Cleeremans, V. Allakhverdov, & M. Kuvaldina (Eds.), Implicit learning: 50 years on (pp. 159\u2013173). Abingdon: Routledge."},{"issue":"4","key":"1709_CR51","first-page":"989","volume":"41","author":"A Paciorek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paciorek, A., & Williams, J. N. (2015). Semantic generalization in implicit language learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41(4), 989.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","volume":"51","author":"J Peirce","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peirce, J., Gray, J. R., Simpson, S., MacAskill, M., H\u00f6chenberger, R., Sogo, H., & Lindel\u00f8v, J. K. (2019). PsychoPy2: experiments in behavior made easy. Behavior Research Methods, 51(1), 195\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"1709_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2307\/20445339","volume":"119","author":"EM Pothos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pothos, E. M., Chater, N., & Ziori, E. (2006). Does stimulus appearance affect learning? American Journal of Psychology, 119(2), 275\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/20445339","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1994.79.1.163","volume":"79","author":"JH Rathus","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rathus, J. H., Reber, A. S., Manza, L., & Kushner, M. (1994). Implicit and explicit learning: differential effects of affective states. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79(1), 163\u2013184.","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"issue":"6","key":"1709_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(67)80149-X","volume":"6","author":"AS Reber","year":"1967","unstructured":"Reber, A. S. (1967). Implicit learning of artificial grammars. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6(6), 855\u2013863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-5371(67)80149-X","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"issue":"10","key":"1709_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.019","volume":"51","author":"PJ Reber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reber, P. J. (2013). The neural basis of implicit learning and memory: a review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging research. Neuropsychologia, 51(10), 2026\u20132042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.019","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1709_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1075\/aicr.56.04ros","volume":"56","author":"DM Rosenthal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rosenthal, D. M. (2004). Varieties of higher-order theory. Advances in Consciousness Research, 56, 17\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/aicr.56.04ros","journal-title":"Advances in Consciousness Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"1709_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012943","volume":"34","author":"RB Scott","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scott, R. B., & Dienes, Z. (2008). The conscious, the unconscious, and familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(5), 1264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0012943","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2009.11.009","volume":"19","author":"RB Scott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scott, R. B., & Dienes, Z. (2010). Knowledge applied to new domains: The unconscious succeeds where the conscious fails. Consciousness and Cognition, 19(1), 391\u2013398","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"1709_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.2.163","volume":"115","author":"CA Seger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Seger, C. A. (1994). Implicit learning. Psychological Bulletin, 115(2), 163\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.115.2.163","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"1709_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00035032","volume":"17","author":"DR Shanks","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shanks, D. R., & John, M. F. S. (1994). Characteristics of dissociable human learning systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 17, 367\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0140525X00035032","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"1709_CR301","first-page":"202","volume-title":"Handbook of cognition","author":"DR Shanks","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shanks, D. R. (2004). Implicit learning. In K. Lamberts & R. L. Goldstone (Eds.), Handbook of cognition (pp. 202\u2013220). Sage Publications Ltd."},{"key":"1709_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100519","volume":"61","author":"DR Shanks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shanks, D. R. (2010). Learning: from association to cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 273\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100519","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"1709_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2015.08.003","volume":"37","author":"C Stahl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stahl, C., Barth, M., & Haider, H. (2015). Distorted estimates of implicit and explicit learning in applications of the process-dissociation procedure to the SRT task. Consciousness and Cognition, 37, 27\u201343.","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"1709_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000752","author":"JWA Strachan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strachan, J. W. A., Guttesen, A. \u00c1. V., Smith, A. K., Gaskell, M. G., Tipper, S. P., & Cairney, S. A. (2019). Investigating the formation and consolidation of incidentally learned trust. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xlm0000752","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"1709_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Timmermans, B., & Cleeremans, A. (2015). How can we measure awareness? An overview of current methods. In: M. Overgaard (Ed.), Behavioural methods in consciousness research (pp. 21\u2013 46). Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199688890.003.0003","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199688890.003.0003"},{"issue":"4","key":"1709_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2008.06.007","volume":"17","author":"L Wan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wan, L., Dienes, Z., & Fu, X. (2008). Intentional control based on familiarity in artificial grammar learning. Consciousness and Cognition, 17(4), 1209\u20131218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2008.06.007","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"1709_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104460","volume":"205","author":"L Waroquier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waroquier, L., Abadie, M., & Dienes, Z. (2020). Distinguishing the role of conscious and unconscious knowledge in evaluative conditioning. Cognition, 205, 104460.","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"1709_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.30.2.354","volume":"30","author":"L Wilkinson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wilkinson, L., & Shanks, D. R. (2004). Intentional control and implicit sequence learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(2), 354\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-7393.30.2.354","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"1709_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01124","volume":"6","author":"E Ziori","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ziori, E., & Dienes, Z. (2015). Facial beauty affects implicit and explicit learning of men and women differently. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01124","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"1709_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3529-6","volume":"48","author":"FS Zwart","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zwart, F. S., Vissers, C. T. W., & Maes, J. H. (2018). The association between sequence learning on the serial reaction time task and social impairments in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(8), 2692\u20132700.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"9","key":"1709_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1802","volume":"10","author":"FS Zwart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zwart, F. S., Vissers, C. T. W., van der Meij, R., Kessels, R. P., & Maes, J. H. (2017). Autism: Too eager to learn? Event related potential findings of increased dependency on intentional learning in a serial reaction time task. Autism Research, 10(9), 1533\u20131543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.1802","journal-title":"Autism Research"}],"container-title":["Psychological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00426-022-01709-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00426-022-01709-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00426-022-01709-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T16:09:36Z","timestamp":1684339776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00426-022-01709-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00426-022-01709-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-0727","1430-2772"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-0727","type":"print"},{"value":"1430-2772","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"AC: conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, investigation, writing\u2014original draft, visualization, funding acquisition. RJ: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing\u2014original draft, funding acquisition. LV-P: conceptualization, methodology, writing\u2014review and editing. AC: conceptualization, writing\u2014review and editing. EN: conceptualization, writing\u2014review and editing. AO: conceptualization, resources, writing\u2014review and editing, supervision.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"CRediT author statement"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study respected the regulations of the Babe\u0219-Bolyai University\u2019s Research committee and have therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Participants were required to give informed consent before beginning the study. They were informed that they have the right to withdraw in any moment form the study, without any negative consequences.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Participants consented that their anonymized data can be used for scientific publication.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}