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This action-effect related motor adaptation occurs only, however, when the sound-effect follows actions within about 200 ms, which has been hypothesized to reflect a temporal limit of action-effect integration. Using a university student sample, the present study replicated the effect of action-sound effect delays on force application. Furthermore, given that the perception of action-effect contingencies, and that of temporal relations are deteriorated in schizophrenia, we explored the relationship between the schizotypy trait and the duration of the action-effect related motor optimization window. Participants pinched a force sensitive device every 3\u00a0s on their own volition, which elicited a tone with a delay increasing from block to block in 70 ms steps from 0 to 560 ms. The applied force gradually increased with action-effect delay, with an estimated force optimization window size of 290 ms, confirming the importance of temporal contiguity in action-effect related motor adaptation. A Bayes-factor based analysis provided evidence for no correlation between the motor optimization window size and schizotypy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-025-02121-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T02:08:04Z","timestamp":1745374084000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An upper temporal limit of action-effect integration as reflected by motor adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5190-4294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rta","family":"Volosin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4984-9286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliv\u00e9r","family":"Nagyb\u00e1nyai Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6693-5859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bence","family":"Neszm\u00e9lyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0147-4518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2121_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.08.008","volume":"45","author":"SV Abram","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abram, S. 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