{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:52:03Z","timestamp":1781646723318,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006692","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Body ownership is commonly studied using the rubber hand illusion (RHI), an experimental paradigm that induces a temporary feeling of owning a fake hand. Although the illusion demonstrates that multisensory integration is at the core of body ownership, factors like personality traits also modulate the experience and\/or intensity of the illusion in a top-down manner. Here, we investigated the role of early attachment experiences as a factor that could influence body ownership. The RHI was administered at baseline and after a short-term activation of the attachment system using the Adult Attachment Projective (AAP). Proprioceptive drift, subjective ownership, and disownership were compared between the two conditions. Participants\u2019 attachment style (\n                    <jats:italic>Free<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Dismissing<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Entangled<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), as determined by the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), was considered a stable, between-subject (trait-like) index of adult attachment representations. The RHI effects were modulated by the attachment style, but not by the transient activation of the attachment system. Specifically, proprioceptive drift was larger in the synchronous compared to the asynchronous condition only for participants with the\n                    <jats:italic>Free<\/jats:italic>\n                    attachment style, whereas the subjective aspect of the RHI was not modulated by attachment style. These results suggest that individuals with\n                    <jats:italic>Free<\/jats:italic>\n                    attachment style are more sensitive to the multisensory integration underlying the RHI than individuals with\n                    <jats:italic>Dismissing<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>Entangled<\/jats:italic>\n                    attachment styles, which may reflect greater flexibility in visuo-proprioceptive recalibration under ambiguity. Thus, early attachment experiences may selectively influence the recalibration of lower-level body-related visual and proprioceptive information, but not the higher-level subjective attribution of body parts to oneself.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-026-02280-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:54:07Z","timestamp":1774522447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shaping the bodily self: exploring the influence of early attachment experiences on body ownership"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9748-8636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Pyasik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0360-3152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Pia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8145-006X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Fossataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1210-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Garbarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6997-9283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Adenzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5020-6598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"B. Ardito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2280_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2011.02.005","volume":"20","author":"T Asai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Asai, T., Mao, Z., Sugimori, E., & Tanno, Y. (2011). Rubber hand illusion, empathy, and schizotypal experiences in terms of self-other representations. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 1744\u20131750.","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"issue":"5","key":"2280_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.29.5.870","volume":"29","author":"MJ Bakermans-Kranenburg","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1993). A psychometric study of the Adult Attachment Interview: Reliability and discriminant validity. J Developmental psychology, 29(5), 870.","journal-title":"J Developmental psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2280_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730902814762","volume":"11","author":"MJ Bakermans-Kranenburg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2009). The first 10,000 Adult Attachment Interviews: Distributions of adult attachment representations in clinical and non-clinical groups. Attachment & Human Development, 11(3), 223\u2013263.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14616730902814762","journal-title":"Attachment & Human Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"2280_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2024.2422045","volume":"27","author":"MJ Bakermans-Kranenburg","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Dagan, O., C\u00e1rcamo, R. A., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2025). Celebrating more than 26,000 adult attachment interviews: Mapping the main adult attachment classifications on personal, social, and clinical status. Attachment & Human Development, 27(2), 191\u2013228.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14616734.2024.2422045","journal-title":"Attachment & Human Development"},{"issue":"10","key":"2280_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241041","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241041","volume":"15","author":"MI Beltr\u00e1n","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beltr\u00e1n, M. I., Dijkerman, H. C., & Keizer, A. (2020). Affective touch experiences across the lifespan: Development of the Tactile Biography questionnaire and the mediating role of attachment style. PLOS ONE, 15(10), e0241041.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0241041","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2280_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/35784","volume":"391","author":"M Botvinick","year":"1998","unstructured":"Botvinick, M., & Cohen, J. (1998). Rubber hands \u2018feel\u2019 touch that eyes see. Nature, 391, 756.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35784","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2280_CR7","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1969\/1980). Attachment and loss (Vol. I-III). Basic Books."},{"key":"2280_CR8","first-page":"102","volume-title":"Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications","author":"I Bretherton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bretherton, I., & Munholland, K. A. (2008). Internal working models in attachment relationships: Elaborating a central construct in attachment theory. Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 102\u2013127). The Guilford Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"2280_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00389","volume":"10","author":"A Buchheim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buchheim, A., Erk, S., George, C., K\u00e4chele, H., Martius, P., Pokorny, D., & Walter, H. (2016). Neural Response during the Activation of the Attachment System in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder: An fMRI Study. Frontiers In Human Neuroscience, 10, 389.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00389","journal-title":"Frontiers In Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2280_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02762","volume":"10","author":"D Burin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burin, D., Pignolo, C., Ales, F., Giromini, L., Pyasik, M., Ghirardello, D., Zennaro, A., Angilletta, M., Castellino, L., & Pia, L. (2019). Relationships between personality features and the rubber hand illusion: An exploratory study. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 2762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02762","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2280_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbone, G. A., Farina, B., Lo Presti, A., Adenzato, M., Imperatori, C., & Ardito, R. B. (2025a). Lack of mental integration and emotion dysregulation as a possible long-term effect of dysfunctional parenting: An EEG study of functional connectivity before and after the exposure to attachment-related stimuli. Journal Of Affective Disorders, 375, 222\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2025.01.121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.01.121"},{"key":"2280_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbone, G. A., Farina, B., Lo Presti, A., Imperatori, C., De Rossi, E., Adenzato, M., & Ardito, R. B. (2025b). Triple network alteration predicts dissociative symptoms following activation of the attachment system: Evidence from an EEG connectivity study. Journal Of Psychiatric Research, 191, 664\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2025.10.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2025.10.016"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2280_CR13","first-page":"33","volume":"20","author":"G Carruthers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carruthers, G. (2013). Toward a cognitive model of the sense of embodiment in a (rubber) hand. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 20(3\u20134), 33\u201360.","journal-title":"Journal of Consciousness Studies"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2280_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2307\/1166148","volume":"59","author":"J Cassidy","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs Of The Society For Research In Child Development, 59(2\u20133), 228\u2013249.","journal-title":"Monographs Of The Society For Research In Child Development"},{"key":"2280_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105351","volume":"153","author":"F Castro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Castro, F., Lenggenhager, B., Zeller, D., Pellegrino, G., D\u2019Alonzo, M., & Di Pino, G. (2023). From rubber hands to neuroprosthetics: Neural correlates of embodiment. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 153, 105351.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105351","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"1949","key":"2280_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210070","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.0070","volume":"288","author":"CCJM de Klerk","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Klerk, C. C. J. M., Filippetti, M. L., & Rigato, S. (2021). The development of body representations: An associative learning account. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 288(1949), 20210070.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.0070","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2280_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2014.02.005","volume":"26","author":"H Dempsey-Jones","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dempsey-Jones, H., & Kritikos, A. (2014). Higher-order cognitive factors affect subjective but not proprioceptive aspects of self-representation in the rubber hand illusion. Consciousness and Cognition, 26, 74\u201389.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.concog.2014.02.005","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"2280_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01865.x","volume":"18","author":"FH Durgin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Durgin, F. H., Evans, L., Dunphy, N., Klostermann, S., & Simmons, K. (2007). Rubber hands feel the touch of light. Psychological Science, 18, 152\u2013157.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01865.x. doi:PSCI1865 [pii].","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2280_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28177-z","volume":"13","author":"HH Ehrsson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ehrsson, H. H., Fotopoulou, A., Radziun, D., Longo, M. R., & Tsakiris, M. (2022). No specific relationship between hypnotic suggestibility and the rubber hand illusion. Nature Communications, 13(1), 564.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-28177-z","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2280_CR20","unstructured":"Ekeberg, D. (2016). The Relationship between Interpersonal Touch and Attachment Organization. In."},{"issue":"2","key":"2280_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175\u2013191.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2280_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110641","volume":"173","author":"IK Ferraro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferraro, I. K., & Taylor, A. M. (2021). Adult attachment styles and emotional regulation: The role of interoceptive awareness and alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 173, 110641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110641","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2280_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30985-2","volume":"13","author":"C Fossataro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fossataro, C., Adenzato, M., Bruno, M., Fontana, E., Garbarini, F., & Ardito, R. B. (2023). The role of early attachment experiences in modulating defensive peripersonal space. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 3835.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-30985-2","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"2280_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/15294145.2017.1294031","volume":"19","author":"A Fotopoulou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fotopoulou, A., & Tsakiris, M. (2017). Mentalizing homeostasis: The social origins of interoceptive inference. Neuropsychoanalysis, 19(1), 3\u201328.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15294145.2017.1294031","journal-title":"Neuropsychoanalysis"},{"key":"2280_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraley, R. C. (2002). Attachment stability from infancy to adulthood: Meta-analysis and dynamic modeling of developmental mechanisms [Lawrence Erlbaum https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0602_03]. Retrieved.","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0602_03"},{"key":"2280_CR26","first-page":"541","volume":"7","author":"S Gallagher","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gallagher, S. (1986). Body Image and Body Schema: A Conceptual Clarification. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 7, 541\u2013554.","journal-title":"Journal of Mind and Behavior"},{"key":"2280_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01417-5","volume":"4","author":"S Gallagher","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gallagher, S. (2000). Philosophical conceptions of the self: Implications for cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 14\u201321.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01417-5","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2280_CR28","unstructured":"George, C. (2009). The adult attachment projective: measuring individual differences in attachment security using projective methodology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2280_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730010024771","volume":"3","author":"C George","year":"2001","unstructured":"George, C., & West, M. (2001). The development and preliminary validation of a new measure of adult attachment: The adult attachment projective. Attachment & Human Development, 3(1), 30\u201361.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14616730010024771","journal-title":"Attachment & Human Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"2280_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2011.594133","volume":"93","author":"C George","year":"2011","unstructured":"George, C., & West, M. (2011). The Adult Attachment Projective Picture System: Integrating attachment into clinical assessment. Journal Of Personality Assessment, 93(5), 407\u2013416.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2011.594133","journal-title":"Journal Of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"2280_CR31","unstructured":"George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1996). Adult attachment interview."},{"key":"2280_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.11.022","volume":"207","author":"L Germine","year":"2013","unstructured":"Germine, L., Benson, T. L., Cohen, F., & Hooker, C. I. (2013). Psychosis-proneness and the rubber hand illusion of body ownership. Psychiatry Research, 207, 45\u201352.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.11.022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"2280_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.03.059","volume":"25","author":"A Guterstam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guterstam, A., Bj\u00f6rnsdotter, M., Gentile, G., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2015). Posterior Cingulate Cortex Integrates the Senses of Self-Location and Body Ownership. Current Biology, 25(11), 1416\u20131425.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2015.03.059","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2280_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2011.603828","volume":"2","author":"H Holle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holle, H., McLatchie, N., Maurer, S., & Ward, J. (2011). Proprioceptive drift without illusions of ownership for rotated hands in the rubber hand illusion paradigm. Cogn Neurosci, 2(3\u20134), 171\u2013178.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17588928.2011.603828","journal-title":"Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2280_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.05.109","volume":"229","author":"J K\u00e1llai","year":"2015","unstructured":"K\u00e1llai, J., Heged\u00fcs, G., Feldmann, \u00c1., R\u00f3zsa, S., Darnai, G., Herold, R., & Szolcsanyi, T. (2015). Temperament and psychopathological syndromes specific susceptibility for rubber hand illusion. Psychiatry Research, 229, 410\u2013419.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.05.109","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"2280_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.014","volume":"124","author":"OA Kannape","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kannape, O. A., Smith, E. J. T., Moseley, P., Roy, M. P., & Lenggenhager, B. (2019). Experimentally induced limb-disownership in mixed reality. Neuropsychologia, 124, 161\u2013170.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2280_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0009","author":"C Krah\u00e9","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krah\u00e9\u00e9, C., Drabek, M. M., Paloyelis, Y., & Fotopoulou, A. (2016). Affective touch and attachment style modulate pain: a laser-evoked potentials study. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 371(1708), 20160009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0009","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2280_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32865-6","volume":"8","author":"C Krah\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krah\u00e9, C., von Mohr, M., Gentsch, A., Guy, L., Vari, C., Nolte, T., & Fotopoulou, A. (2018). Sensitivity to CT-optimal, Affective Touch Depends on Adult Attachment Style. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 14544.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-32865-6","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2280_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00627","volume":"10","author":"S Krause","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krause, S., Pokorny, D., Schury, K., Doyen-Waldecker, C., Hulbert, A. L., Karabatsiakis, A., & Buchheim, A. (2016). Effects of the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System on Oxytocin and Cortisol Blood Levels in Mothers. Frontiers In Human Neuroscience, 10, 627.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00627","journal-title":"Frontiers In Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2280_CR41","first-page":"4","volume":"2","author":"T Lane","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lane, T., Yeh, S. L., Tseng, P., & Chang, A. Y. (2017). Timing disownership experiences in the rubber hand illusion. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2(1), 4.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41235-016-0041-4","journal-title":"Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications"},{"issue":"2","key":"2280_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808-20191440","volume":"33","author":"P Litwin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Litwin, P. (2020). Extending Bayesian Models of the Rubber Hand Illusion. Multisens Res, 33(2), 127\u2013160.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/22134808-20191440","journal-title":"Multisens Res"},{"key":"2280_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.12.004","volume":"107","author":"MR Longo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Longo, M. R., Sch\u00fc\u00fcr, F., Kammers, M. P. M. M., Tsakiris, M., & Haggard, P. (2008). What is embodiment? A psychometric approach. Cognition, 107, 978\u2013998.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.12.004","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"5","key":"2280_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916241262693","volume":"20","author":"Y Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo, Y., vanMarle, K., & Groh, A. M. (2025). The cognitive architecture of infant attachment. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 20(5), 958\u2013999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17456916241262693","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2280_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18591-6","volume":"11","author":"P Lush","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lush, P., Botan, V., Scott, R. B., Seth, A. K., Ward, J., & Dienes, Z. (2020). Trait phenomenological control predicts experience of mirror synaesthesia and the rubber hand illusion. Nature Communications, 11(1), 4853.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-18591-6","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"11","key":"2280_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210911","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.210911","volume":"8","author":"P Lush","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lush, P., Seth, A. K., & Dienes, Z. (2021). Hypothesis awareness confounds asynchronous control conditions in indirect measures of the rubber hand illusion. R Soc Open Sci, 8(11), 210911.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.210911","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"2280_CR47","unstructured":"Main, M., Goldwyn, R., & Hesse, E. (2003). The Adult Attachment Interview: Scoring and classification system, version 7.2. University of California at Berkeley."},{"issue":"12","key":"2280_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168489","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168489","volume":"11","author":"A Marotta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marotta, A., Tinazzi, M., Cavedini, C., Zampini, M., & Fiorio, M. (2016). Individual Differences in the Rubber Hand Illusion Are Related to Sensory Suggestibility. PLOS ONE, 11(12), e0168489.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0168489","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2280_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11172435","author":"JC Mart\u00edn Quintana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn Quintana, J. C., Alem\u00e1n Ramos, P. F., & Morales Almeida, P. (2023). The influence of perceived security in childhood on adult self-concept: the mediating role of resilience and self-esteem. Healthcare (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11172435","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"2280_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meltzoff, A. N., & Marshall, P. J. (2020). Chapter 2 - Importance of body representations in social-cognitive development: New insights from infant brain science. In S. Hunnius, & M. Meyer (Eds.), Progress in Brain Research (Vol. 254, pp. 25\u201348). Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.07.009"},{"key":"2280_CR51","volume-title":"Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change.","author":"M Mikulincer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change. (2nd ed). The Guilford Press.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2280_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.02.006","volume":"25","author":"M Mikulincer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2019). Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 6\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.02.006","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"key":"2280_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.03.003","volume":"113","author":"R Montirosso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montirosso, R., & McGlone, F. (2020). The body comes first. Embodied reparation and the co-creation of infant bodily-self. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 113, 77\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.03.003","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"2280_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"niz017","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niz017","volume":"2019","author":"ES Neustadter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neustadter, E. S., Fineberg, S. K., Leavitt, J., Carr, M. M., & Corlett, P. R. (2019). Induced illusory body ownership in borderline personality disorder. Neurosci Conscious, 2019(1), niz017.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nc\/niz017","journal-title":"Neurosci Conscious"},{"key":"2280_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00712","author":"K Oldroyd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oldroyd, K., Pasupathi, M., & Wainryb, C. (2019). Social antecedents to the development of interoception: attachment related processes are associated with interoception. Front Psychol, 10, 712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00712","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"2280_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808-00002577","volume":"30","author":"O Perepelkina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perepelkina, O., Boboleva, M., Arina, G., & Nikolaeva, V. (2017). Higher emotional intelligence is associated with a stronger rubber hand illusion. Multisens Res, 30(7\u20138), 615\u2013637.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/22134808-00002577","journal-title":"Multisens Res"},{"key":"2280_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2018.03.001","volume":"185","author":"M Pyasik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pyasik, M., Burin, D., & Pia, L. (2018). On the relation between body ownership and sense of agency: A link at the level of sensory-related signals. Acta Psychologica, 185, 219\u2013228.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ACTPSY.2018.03.001","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"2280_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62394-0","volume":"10","author":"M Pyasik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pyasik, M., Tieri, G., & Pia, L. (2020). Visual appearance of the virtual hand affects embodiment in the virtual hand illusion. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 5412.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-62394-0","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2280_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00163","volume":"12","author":"D Rabellino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rabellino, D., Burin, D., Harricharan, S., Lloyd, C., Frewen, P. A., McKinnon, M. C., & Lanius, R. A. (2018). Altered Sense of Body Ownership and Agency in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Its Dissociative Subtype: A Rubber Hand Illusion Study. Frontiers In Human Neuroscience, 12, 163.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00163","journal-title":"Frontiers In Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"2280_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006","volume":"69","author":"P Ravitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ravitz, P., Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Sthankiya, B., & Lancee, W. (2010). Adult attachment measures: A 25-year review. Journal Of Psychosomatic Research, 69(4), 419\u2013432.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.08.006","journal-title":"Journal Of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"2280_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.04.011","volume":"109","author":"M Riemer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Riemer, M., Bublatzky, F., Trojan, J., & Alpers, G. W. (2015). Defensive activation during the rubber hand illusion: Ownership versus proprioceptive drift. Biological Psychology, 109, 86\u201392.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.04.011","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"2280_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021659","author":"M Rohde","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rohde, M., Luca, M., & Ernst, M. O. (2011). The rubber hand illusion: Feeling of ownership and proprioceptive drift do not go hand in hand. PLoS One, 6(6), e21659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021659","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2280_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.02.011","volume":"185","author":"M Romeo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Romeo, M., Colle, L., Hilviu, D., Longo, P., Ricciardi, E., Abbate-Daga, G., & Fossataro, C. (2025). The tangled threads: Unveiling the interplay between the sense of body ownership and the sense of agency in impacting the bodily-self representation in eating disorders. Cortex; A Journal Devoted To The Study Of The Nervous System And Behavior, 185, 270\u2013285. ttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.02.011","journal-title":"Cortex; A Journal Devoted To The Study Of The Nervous System And Behavior"},{"issue":"12","key":"2280_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2024548118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024548118","volume":"118","author":"I Ronga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ronga, I., Galigani, M., Bruno, V., Noel, J. P., Gazzin, A., Perathoner, C., & Garbarini, F. (2021). Spatial tuning of electrophysiological responses to multisensory stimuli reveals a primitive coding of the body boundaries in newborns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(12), e2024548118. oi:10.1073\/pnas.2024548118","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"2280_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.5.771","volume":"30","author":"A Sagi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sagi, A., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Scharf, M., Koren-Karie, N., Joels, T., & Mayseless, O. J. D. (1994). Stability and discriminant validity of the Adult Attachment Interview: A psychometric study in young Israeli adults. Developmental Psychology, 30(5), 771.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2280_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-022-00420-3","volume":"21","author":"A Schore","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schore, A. (2022). Right brain-to-right brain psychotherapy: Recent scientific and clinical advances. Annals of General Psychiatry, 21(1), 46.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12991-022-00420-3","journal-title":"Annals of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"2280_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.09.007","volume":"17","author":"AK Seth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seth, A. K. (2013). Interoceptive inference, emotion, and the embodied self. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(11), 565\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2013.09.007","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2280_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834492","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.834492","volume":"16","author":"M Slater","year":"2022","unstructured":"Slater, M., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2022). Multisensory Integration Dominates Hypnotisability and Expectations in the Rubber Hand Illusion. Frontiers In Human Neuroscience, 16, 834492.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2022.834492","journal-title":"Frontiers In Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2280_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66606-5","volume":"10","author":"GF Spitoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spitoni, G. F., Zingaretti, P., Giovanardi, G., Antonucci, G., Galati, G., Lingiardi, V., & Boccia, M. (2020). Disorganized Attachment pattern affects the perception of Affective Touch. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 9658.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-66606-5","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2280_CR70","volume-title":"The interpersonal world of the infant","author":"DN Stern","year":"1985","unstructured":"Stern, D. N. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant. Basic Books."},{"key":"2280_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027089","author":"KN Thakkar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thakkar, K. N., Nichols, H. S., McIntosh, L. G., & Park, S. (2011). Disturbances in body ownership in schizophrenia: Evidence from the rubber hand illusion and case study of a spontaneous out-of-body experience. PLoS One. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0027089","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2280_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00701","volume":"42","author":"C Trevarthen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Trevarthen, C., & Aitken, K. J. (2001). Infant intersubjectivity: Research, theory, and clinical applications. Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, 42(1), 3\u201348.","journal-title":"Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry"},{"key":"2280_CR73","volume-title":"The Neurobehavioral and Social-Emotional Development of Infants and Children","author":"EZ Tronick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tronick, E. Z. (2007). The Neurobehavioral and Social-Emotional Development of Infants and Children. Norton Press."},{"key":"2280_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.034","volume":"48","author":"M Tsakiris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsakiris, M. (2010). My body in the brain: A neurocognitive model of body-ownership. Neuropsychologia, 48, 703\u2013712.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.034","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2280_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.31.1.80","volume":"31","author":"M Tsakiris","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tsakiris, M., & Haggard, P. (2005). The rubber hand illusion revisited: Visuotactile integration and self-attribution. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance, 31, 80\u201391.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0096-1523.31.1.80","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance"},{"key":"2280_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-2039-3","volume":"204","author":"M Tsakiris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsakiris, M., Carpenter, L., James, D., & Fotopoulou, A. (2010). Hands only illusion: Multisensory integration elicits sense of ownership for body parts but not for non-corporeal objects. Experimental Brain Research, 204, 343\u2013352.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-009-2039-3","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"14","key":"2280_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2012900118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012900118","volume":"118","author":"A Ulmer Yaniv","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ulmer Yaniv, A., Salomon, R., Waidergoren, S., Shimon-Raz, O., Djalovski, A., & Feldman, R. (2021). Synchronous caregiving from birth to adulthood tunes humans\u2019 social brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(14), e2012900118.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2012900118","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2280_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vrticka, P., & Vuilleumier, P. (2012). Neuroscience of human social interactions and adult attachment style.\u00a0Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6\u20132012.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00212","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00212"},{"key":"2280_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77399","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.77399","volume":"11","author":"S Wass","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wass, S., Phillips, E., Smith, C., Fatimehin, E. O. O. B., & Goupil, L. (2022). Vocal communication is tied to interpersonal arousal coupling in caregiver-infant dyads. eLife, 11, e77399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.77399","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"3","key":"2280_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00176","volume":"71","author":"E Waters","year":"2000","unstructured":"Waters, E., Merrick, S., Treboux, D., Crowell, J., & Albersheim, L. (2000). Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: A twenty-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 71(3), 684\u2013689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8624.00176","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2280_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wobbrock, J. O., Findlater, L., Gergle, D., & Higgins, J. J. (2011). The aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial analyses using only anova procedures. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vancouver, BC, Canada. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1978942.1978963","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978963"}],"container-title":["Psychological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02280-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02280-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02280-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:55:36Z","timestamp":1781643336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02280-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02280-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-0727","1430-2772"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-0727","type":"print"},{"value":"1430-2772","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the University of Turin (protocol number 122571) and was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the 2013 Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"61"}}