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However, social contexts often require imagining another viewpoint\u2014visuospatial perspective-taking (VPT). VPT is costlier than SPJ, and gets even costlier in autism, schizophrenia, and aging. One explanation is interference from self-related representations. This interference may reflect a mechanism that processes various self- and other-related representations, supported by the temporoparietal junction (TPJ). Moreover, reportedly other-related representations also influence SPJ, though this remains debated. An additional explanation for VPT difficulty in literature is the mental body-schema transformation needed to adopt another perspective at greater angular disparities between perspectives. However, studies often confounded angle with left\/right representational incongruence between perspectives. In our previous iEEG study, we found robust TPJ activity during both SPJ and VPT, possibly reflecting the processing of self-other representations. To test whether self-other representations are processed during both perspective judgments, we analyzed behavioral data from the same participants. We categorized trials by an object\u2019s left\/right congruence between the perspectives. We hypothesized that if self-other representations are processed during both judgments, participants will show greater difficulty in incongruent vs. congruent scenarios during SPJ and VPT. Linear mixed model analysis confirmed this: for both SPJ and VPT, errors were higher on incongruent than congruent trials. These findings show that self-other representations are processed in both SPJ and VPT, and incongruent ones cause interference, highlight left\/right congruence as a key factor in VPT studies, and motivate further research with a similar approach on TPJ\u2019s role in processing multimodal self-other representations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-026-02311-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:45:23Z","timestamp":1783939523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The behavioral evidence of processing congruences and incongruences between Self- and Other-perspective-related representations during both perspective judgments"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Gunia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Kalina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena","family":"Jav\u016frkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Vl\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2311_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S. 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All participants voluntarily provided written informed consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Compliance with ethical standards","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Our results show that when people judge their own actual or some other visuospatial perspective, conflicting visuospatial information negatively affects performance. This indicates that our brains automatically compare self- and other-related visuospatial representations and detect mismatches between them. In other words, taking another perspective involves distinguishing it from our actual default view. Importantly, even when judging our actual perspective, the presence of another viewpoint elicits processing similarities and differences between the two.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Public significance statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"134"}}