{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:38:30Z","timestamp":1793111910009,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnster","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pd74e08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The embodied view of cognition holds that cognitive and emotional processes are grounded in our bodily experiences and physical interactions with the world. In line with this view, embodied motivation studies have purported to show that enacting motivation-related postures, expressions, and actions can elicit or modulate their corresponding motivational states. While theory-building reviews on the topic have accepted these studies\u2019 conclusions at face value, a closer reading of key articles reveals several statistical issues that call their veracity into question. The present review shows that evidence for bodily feedback effects on motivation relies on: (1) studies using multiple measures of motivation, and dismissing results from those that do not support hypotheses, (2) analytical degrees of freedom inflating the false positive rate, and (3) reviews on the topic interpreting non-significant hypothesis tests as if they were significant. Supporting this analysis of the literature, a\n                    <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                    -curve of 51 significant results reported across 18 articles indicated little evidentiary value, with an estimated replicability rate of just 0.21 (95% CI = [0.13, 0.25]). In sum, there is little credible evidence that bodily postures modulate motivational states.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-026-02382-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:33:41Z","timestamp":1790076821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Studies reporting bodily feedback effects on motivation have poor evidentiary value: a critical review and z-curve analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1242-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaheed","family":"Azaad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2382_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15626\/MP.2023.3987","author":"F Barto\u0161","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barto\u0161, F. (2024). Untrustworthy evidence in dishonesty research. Meta-Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15626\/MP.2023.3987","journal-title":"Meta-Psychology"},{"key":"2382_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barto\u0161, F., & Schimmack, U. (2020). zcurve: An Implementation of Z-Curves (p. 2.4.5) [Dataset]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.zcurve","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.zcurve"},{"key":"2382_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15626\/MP.2021.2720","author":"F Barto\u0161","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barto\u0161, F., & Schimmack, U. (2022). Z-curve 2.0: Estimating replication rates and discovery rates. Meta-Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15626\/MP.2021.2720","journal-title":"Meta-Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2382_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013965","volume":"135","author":"CS Carver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carver, C. S., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2009). Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 183\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0013965","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"2382_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073919868762","volume":"11","author":"NA Coles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coles, N. A., Larsen, J. T., Kuribayashi, J., & Kuelz, A. (2019). Does Blocking Facial Feedback Via Botulinum Toxin Injections Decrease Depression? A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis. Emotion Review, 11(4), 294\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1754073919868762","journal-title":"Emotion Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"2382_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01458-9","volume":"6","author":"NA Coles","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coles, N. A., March, D. S., Marmolejo-Ramos, F., Larsen, J. T., Arinze, N. C., Ndukaihe, I. L. G., Willis, M. L., Foroni, F., Reggev, N., Mokady, A., Forscher, P. S., Hunter, J. F., Kaminski, G., Y\u00fcvr\u00fck, E., Kapucu, A., Nagy, T., Hajdu, N., Tejada, J., Freitag, R. M. K., \u2026 Liuzza, M. T. (2022). A multi-lab test of the facial feedback hypothesis by the Many Smiles Collaboration. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(12), 1731\u20131742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-022-01458-9","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"10","key":"2382_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.70127","volume":"49","author":"P Dapica","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dapica, P., Santiago, J., & Solana, P. (2025). Does body-specificity stand on solid ground? Z\u2010curving the association between emotional valence and lateral space. Cognitive Science, 49(10), Article e70127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cogs.70127","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2382_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1037\/mot0000205","volume":"7","author":"AB Eder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eder, A. B., Krishna, A., Sebald, A., & Kunde, W. (2021). Embodiment of approach-avoidance behavior: Motivational priming of whole-body movements in a virtual world. Motivation Science, 7(2), 133\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/mot0000205","journal-title":"Motivation Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2382_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.150","volume":"33","author":"J F\u00f6rster","year":"2002","unstructured":"F\u00f6rster, J. (2002). The influence of approach and avoidance motor actions on food intake. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33(3), 339\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.150","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2382_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327663jcp1404_10","volume":"14","author":"J F\u00f6rster","year":"2004","unstructured":"F\u00f6rster, J. (2004). How Body Feedback Influences Consumers\u2019 Evaluation of Products. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(4), 416\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327663jcp1404_10","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Psychology"},{"key":"2382_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/9tgws","author":"K Garrison","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garrison, K., Schmeichel, B., & Baldwin, C. (2022). Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Frontal EEG Asymmetry and Approach\/Avoidance Motivation. PsyArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/9tgws","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"2382_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1198\/000313006X152649","volume":"60","author":"A Gelman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gelman, A., & Stern, H. (2006). The Difference Between Significant and Not Significant is not Itself Statistically Significant. The American Statistician, 60(4), 328\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1198\/000313006X152649","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"issue":"6","key":"2382_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000610","volume":"29","author":"AH Hales","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hales, A. H. (2024). One-tailed tests: Let\u2019s do this (responsibly). Psychological Methods, 29(6), 1209\u20131218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000610","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"2382_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2006.00465.x","volume":"43","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E. (2006). Unilateral right\u2010hand contractions cause contralateral alpha power suppression and approach motivational affective experience. Psychophysiology, 43(6), 598\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2006.00465.x","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2382_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E., & Harmon-Jones, C. (2019). Understanding the motivation underlying dissonance effects: The action-based model. In E. Harmon-Jones (Ed.), Cognitive dissonance: Reexamining a pivotal theory in psychology (2nd ed.). (2nd ed., pp. 63\u201389). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0000135-004","DOI":"10.1037\/0000135-004"},{"key":"2382_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E., & Peterson, C. K. (2009). Supine Body Position Reduces Neural Response to Anger Evocation. Psychological Science, 20(10), 1209\u20131210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02416.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02416.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"2382_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1037\/mot0000232","volume":"7","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E., & Sun, C. K. (2021). A supine body posture reduces the error-related negativity: A test of a dissonance theory prediction. Motivation Science, 7(4), 375\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/mot0000232","journal-title":"Motivation Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2382_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.94.1.1","volume":"94","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E., Harmon-Jones, C., Fearn, M., Sigelman, J. D., & Johnson, P. (2008). Left frontal cortical activation and spreading of alternatives: Tests of the action-based model of dissonance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.94.1.1","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2382_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E., Amodio, D. M., & Harmon\u2010Jones, C. (2009a). Chapter\u00a03 Action\u2010Based Model of Dissonance. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. Vol. 41, pp. 119\u2013166). Elsevier. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)00403-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)00403-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"2382_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014959","volume":"9","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E., Harmon-Jones, C., Abramson, L., & Peterson, C. K. (2009b). PANAS positive activation is associated with anger. Emotion, 9(2), 183\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0014959","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"2","key":"2382_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.03.009","volume":"87","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E., Gable, P. A., & Price, T. F. (2011). Leaning embodies desire: Evidence that leaning forward increases relative left frontal cortical activation to appetitive stimuli. Biological Psychology, 87(2), 311\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.03.009","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"2382_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E., Price, T. F., & Harmon-Jones, C. (2014). The Embodiment of Approach Motivation. Motivation and Its Regulation (1st ed., p. 18). Psychology.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119170174.epcn417"},{"key":"2382_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2014.10.007","volume":"56","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E., Price, T. F., & Harmon-Jones, C. (2015). Supine body posture decreases rationalizations: Testing the action-based model of dissonance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 228\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2014.10.007","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2382_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1037\/mot0000398","volume":"11","author":"E Harmon-Jones","year":"2025","unstructured":"Harmon-Jones, E., Harmon-Jones, C., Amodio, D. M., Gable, P. A., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2025). Valid replications require valid methods: Recommendations for best methodological practices with lab experiments. Motivation Science, 11(3), 235\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/mot0000398","journal-title":"Motivation Science"},{"key":"2382_CR25","unstructured":"Harzing, A. W. (2007). Publish or Perish. [Computer software]."},{"key":"2382_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koole, S. L., Veenstra, L., Domachowska, I., Dillon, K. P., & Schneider, I. K. (2022). Embodied anger management: Approach-oriented postures moderate whether trait anger becomes translated into state anger and aggression. Motivation Science, 8(2), 174\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/mot0000257","DOI":"10.1037\/mot0000257"},{"issue":"4","key":"2382_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610365131","volume":"21","author":"R Krieglmeyer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krieglmeyer, R., Deutsch, R., De Houwer, J., & De Raedt, R. (2010). Being moved: Valence activates approach-avoidance behavior independently of evaluation and approach-avoidance intentions. Psychological Science, 21(4), 607\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797610365131","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2382_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krpan, D., & Schnall, S. (2014). Too close for comfort: Stimulus valence moderates the influence of motivational orientation on distance perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(6), 978\u2013993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspa0000017","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2382_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2197","volume":"33","author":"N Kuper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuper, N., K\u00e4ckenmester, W., & Wacker, J. (2019). Resting Frontal Eeg Asymmetry and Personality Traits: A Meta\u2013Analysis. European Journal of Personality, 33(2), 154\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/per.2197","journal-title":"European Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"6","key":"2382_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2014.968096","volume":"29","author":"SM Laham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laham, S. M., Kashima, Y., Dix, J., & Wheeler, M. (2014). A meta-analysis of the facilitation of arm flexion and extension movements as a function of stimulus valence. Cognition and Emotion, 29(6), 1069\u20131090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699931.2014.968096","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"issue":"1","key":"2382_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245920951503","volume":"4","author":"D Lakens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lakens, D., & Caldwell, A. R. (2021). Simulation-based power analysis for factorial analysis of variance designs. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 4(1), Article 2515245920951503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2515245920951503","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2382_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, Y. (A., Jiang, Z. (J., & Choi, B. C. F. (2023). Pushing yourself harder: The effects of mobile touch modes on users\u2019 self-regulation. Information Systems Research, 34(3), 996\u20131016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/isre.2022.1155","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2022.1155"},{"key":"2382_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Machery, E. (2024). The Replication Crisis in Embodied Cognition Research. In L. Shapiro & S. Spaulding (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Embodied Cognition (2nd ed., pp. 475\u2013484). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003322511-50","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003322511-50"},{"issue":"9","key":"2382_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2886","volume":"14","author":"S Nieuwenhuis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuis, S., Forstmann, B. U., & Wagenmakers, E. J. (2011). Erroneous analyses of interactions in neuroscience: A problem of significance. Nature Neuroscience, 14(9), 1105\u20131107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.2886","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"2382_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000121","volume":"114","author":"T Noah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noah, T., Schul, Y., & Mayo, R. (2018). When both the original study and its failed replication are correct: Feeling observed eliminates the facial-feedback effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(5), 657\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspa0000121","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2382_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000503","volume":"128","author":"K Paul","year":"2025","unstructured":"Paul, K., Beauducel, A., Hennig, J., Hewig, J., Hildebrandt, A., K\u00fchrt, C., Lange, L., Mueller, E. M., Osinsky, R., Porth, E., Riesel, A., Rodrigues, J., Scheffel, C., Short, C. A., Stahl, J., Strobel, A., & Wacker, J. (2025). Frontal alpha asymmetry as a marker of approach motivation? Insights from a cooperative forking path analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 128(1), 196\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspp0000503","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2382_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Price, T. F., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2010). The effect of embodied emotive states on cognitive categorization. Emotion, 10(6), 934\u2013938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019809","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019809"},{"key":"2382_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Price, T. F., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2011). Approach motivational body postures lean toward left frontal brain activity. Psychophysiology, 48(5), 718\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2010.01127.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2010.01127.x"},{"key":"2382_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Price, T. F., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2016). Embodying approach motivation: A review of recent evidence. Advances in Motivation Science (Vol. Vol. 3, pp. 81\u2013111). Elsevier. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.adms.2015.12.002","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adms.2015.12.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"2382_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2012.04.001","volume":"90","author":"TF Price","year":"2012","unstructured":"Price, T. F., Dieckman, L. W., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2012). Embodying approach motivation: Body posture influences startle eyeblink and event-related potential responses to appetitive stimuli. Biological Psychology, 90(3), 211\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2012.04.001","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"2382_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Price, T. F., Hortensius, R., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2013). Neural and behavioral associations of manipulated determination facial expressions. Biological Psychology, 94(1), 221\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2013.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2013.06.001"},{"key":"2382_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Riskind, J. H., & Gotay, C. C. (1982). Physical posture: Could it have regulatory or feedback effects on motivation and emotion? Motivation and Emotion, 6(3), 273\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00992249","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00992249"},{"key":"2382_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31222\/osf.io\/ewb2t","author":"L R\u00f6seler","year":"2023","unstructured":"R\u00f6seler, L. (2023). Predicting Replication Rates with Z-Curve: A Brief Exploratory Validation Study Using the Replication Database. MetaArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31222\/osf.io\/ewb2t","journal-title":"MetaArXiv"},{"issue":"3","key":"2382_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.3.3.223","volume":"3","author":"K Rothermund","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rothermund, K. (2003). Motivation and attention: Incongruent effects of feedback on the processing of valence. Emotion, 3(3), 223\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1528-3542.3.3.223","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"2382_CR47","unstructured":"Schimmack, U. (2026). Concerns About Z-Curve: Evidence From New Simulations With Few Studies. Replicability Index. https:\/\/replicationindex.com\/2026\/02\/03\/concerns-about-z-curve-evidence-from-new-simulations-with-few-studies\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"2382_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2026.2658505","volume":"20","author":"U Schimmack","year":"2026","unstructured":"Schimmack, U., & Soto, M. D. (2026). How credible are published significant results: Estimating average true power with P-curve or Z-curve? Communication Methods and Measures, 20(2), 188\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19312458.2026.2658505","journal-title":"Communication Methods and Measures"},{"issue":"1","key":"2382_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(81)90039-1","volume":"47","author":"JR Simon","year":"1981","unstructured":"Simon, J. R., Sly, P. E., & Vilapakkam, S. (1981). Effect of compatibility of S-R mapping on reactions toward the stimulus source. Acta Psychologica, 47(1), 63\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0001-6918(81)90039-1","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"2382_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033242","volume":"143","author":"U Simonsohn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2014). P-curve: A key to the file-drawer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(2), 534\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0033242","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"4","key":"2382_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459241268197","volume":"7","author":"WWA Sleegers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sleegers, W. W. A., Van Leeuwen, F., Ross, R. M., DeMarree, K. G., Van Beest, I., Priolo, D., Martinie, M.-A., Morvinski, C., Verschuere, B., & Vaidis, D. C. (2024). When replication fails: What to conclude and not to conclude? Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 7(4), Article 25152459241268197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/25152459241268197","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"406","key":"2382_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478811","volume":"84","author":"B Sori\u0107","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sori\u0107, B. (1989). Statistical Discoveries and Effect-Size Estimation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 84(406), 608\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478811","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2382_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sotola, L. (2023). How Can I Study from Below, that which Is Above? Meta-Psychology, 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15626\/MP.2022.3299","DOI":"10.15626\/MP.2022.3299"},{"issue":"5","key":"2382_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.768","volume":"54","author":"F Strack","year":"1988","unstructured":"Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(5), 768\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.54.5.768","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2382_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun, C., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2020). Supine body posture reduces cognitive conflict processing: Evidence from N450 Stroop interference. Psychophysiology, 58(1), Article e13693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.13693","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13693"},{"key":"2382_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Den Bergh, B., Schmitt, J., & Warlop, L. (2011). Embodied myopia. Journal of Marketing Research, 48(6), 1033\u20131044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1509\/jmr.09.0503","DOI":"10.1509\/jmr.09.0503"},{"issue":"6","key":"2382_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691616674458","volume":"11","author":"E-J Wagenmakers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wagenmakers, E.-J., Beek, T., Dijkhoff, L., Gronau, Q. F., Acosta, A., Adams, R. B., Albohn, D. N., Allard, E. S., Benning, S. D., Blouin-Hudon, E.-M., Bulnes, L. C., Caldwell, T. L., Calin-Jageman, R. J., Capaldi, C. A., Carfagno, N. S., Chasten, K. T., Cleeremans, A., Connell, L., DeCicco, J. M., \u2026 Zwaan, R. A. (2016). Registered replication report: Strack, Martin, & Stepper (1988). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(6), 917\u2013928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691616674458","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2382_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","volume":"54","author":"D Watson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063\u20131070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2382_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611400615","volume":"22","author":"RW Wiers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wiers, R. W., Eberl, C., Rinck, M., Becker, E. S., & Lindenmeyer, J. (2011). Retraining automatic action tendencies changes alcoholic patients\u2019 approach bias for alcohol and improves treatment outcome. Psychological Science, 22(4), 490\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797611400615","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2382_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196322","volume":"9","author":"M Wilson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wilson, M. (2002). Six views of embodied cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(4), 625\u2013636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03196322","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"}],"container-title":["Psychological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02382-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02382-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02382-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:20:36Z","timestamp":1793110836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02382-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02382-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-0727","1430-2772"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-0727","type":"print"},{"value":"1430-2772","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"174"}}