{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:44:23Z","timestamp":1792583063375,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychological Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Effects of proactive control on response inhibition have previously been studied using tasks such as the stop signal task in which participants are required to inhibit a single, isolated motor response. However, skilled, coordinated behavior often involves the execution of learned sequences of motor actions in which each action triggers the next with a degree of automaticity. Across three experiments, we investigated the effects of proactive control and reward incentives on the frequency of errors in a motor sequence learning task that requires inhibition of sequentially triggered motor actions. We observed graded effects of proactive control on inhibition success. Although cues indicating an upcoming stop trial led to a marked reduction in the frequency of slips-of-action, errors continued to occur despite significant cue-induced proactive slowing. When cues were combined with incentives for successful stopping, proactive control increased further, with an additional reduction in frequency of slips-of-action. These findings show that the effectiveness of proactive control in suppressing automatically triggered actions within learned sequences is jointly determined by the depth of proactive slowing and the motivational context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-026-02407-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:18:40Z","timestamp":1792581520000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of proactive control and reward incentives on the inhibition of sequentially linked motor actions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0112-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris M.","family":"Dodds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Falcon-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2407_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02735","volume":"10","author":"BW Balleine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Balleine, B. W., & Dezfouli, A. (2019). Hierarchical action control: Adaptive collaboration between actions and habits. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2735.","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2407_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.12.010","volume":"16","author":"TS Braver","year":"2012","unstructured":"Braver, T. S. (2012). The variable nature of cognitive control: a dual mechanisms framework. Trends in cognitive sciences, 16(2), 106\u2013113.","journal-title":"Trends in cognitive sciences"},{"key":"2407_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01","volume":"80","author":"PC B\u00fcrkner","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u00fcrkner, P. C. (2017). brms: An R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan. Journal of statistical software, 80, 1\u201328.","journal-title":"Journal of statistical software"},{"issue":"16","key":"2407_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.04.021","volume":"47","author":"CR Camalier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Camalier, C. R., Gotler, A., Murthy, A., Thompson, K. G., Logan, G. D., Palmeri, T. J., & Schall, J. D. (2007). Dynamics of saccade target selection: race model analysis of double step and search step saccade production in human and macaque. Vision research, 47(16), 2187\u20132211.","journal-title":"Vision research"},{"issue":"7","key":"2407_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08050.x","volume":"35","author":"A Dezfouli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dezfouli, A., & Balleine, B. W. (2012). Habits, action sequences and reinforcement learning. European Journal of Neuroscience, 35(7), 1036\u20131051.","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2407_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodds, C. M. (2025). Effects of proactive control and reward incentives on action switching during motor sequence learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.","DOI":"10.1037\/xhp0001328"},{"key":"2407_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.02.025","volume":"139","author":"RA Doekemeijer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Doekemeijer, R. A., Verbruggen, F., & Boehler, C. N. (2021). Face the (trigger) failure: Trigger failures strongly drive the effect of reward on response inhibition. Cortex; A Journal Devoted To The Study Of The Nervous System And Behavior, 139, 166\u2013177.","journal-title":"Cortex; A Journal Devoted To The Study Of The Nervous System And Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"2407_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.264","volume":"6","author":"RA Doekemeijer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Doekemeijer, R. A., Dewulf, A., Verbruggen, F., & Boehler, C. N. (2023). Proactively adjusting stopping: response inhibition is faster when stopping occurs frequently. Journal of cognition, 6(1), 22\u201322.","journal-title":"Journal of cognition"},{"issue":"10","key":"2407_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5722-09.2010","volume":"30","author":"J Duque","year":"2010","unstructured":"Duque, J., Lew, D., Mazzocchio, R., Olivier, E., & Ivry, R. B. (2010). Evidence for two concurrent inhibitory mechanisms during response preparation. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(10), 3793\u20133802.","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"2407_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10071062","volume":"168","author":"CM Gillan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gillan, C. M., Papmeyer, M., Morein-Zamir, S., Sahakian, B. J., Fineberg, N. A., Robbins, T. W., & de Wit, S. (2011). Disruption in the balance between goal-directed behavior and habit learning in obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(7), 718\u2013726.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2407_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1998.3843","volume":"70","author":"AM Graybiel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Graybiel, A. M. (1998). The basal ganglia and chunking of action repertoires. Neurobiology of learning and memory, 70(1\u20132), 119\u2013136.","journal-title":"Neurobiology of learning and memory"},{"issue":"8","key":"2407_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a021691","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021691","volume":"7","author":"AM Graybiel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Graybiel, A. M., & Grafton, S. T. (2015). The striatum: where skills and habits meet. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 7(8), a021691.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2407_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00113-6","volume":"28","author":"AM Graybiel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Graybiel, A. M., & Rauch, S. L. (2000). Toward a neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuron, 28(2), 343\u2013347.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2407_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.10.007","volume":"123","author":"TM Le","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le, T. M., Zhang, S., Zhornitsky, S., Wang, W., & Li, C. S. R. (2020). Neural correlates of reward-directed action and inhibition of action. Cortex; A Journal Devoted To The Study Of The Nervous System And Behavior, 123, 42\u201356.","journal-title":"Cortex; A Journal Devoted To The Study Of The Nervous System And Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"2407_CR14","first-page":"430","volume":"36","author":"LA Leotti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leotti, L. A., & Wager, T. D. (2010). Motivational influences on response inhibition measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36(2), 430.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"12","key":"2407_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4706","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23338","volume":"37","author":"I Leunissen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leunissen, I., Coxon, J. P., & Swinnen, S. P. (2016). A proactive task set influences how response inhibition is implemented in the basal ganglia. Human Brain Mapping, 37(12), 4706\u20134717.","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"6","key":"2407_CR16","first-page":"778","volume":"8","author":"GD Logan","year":"1982","unstructured":"Logan, G. D. (1982). On the ability to inhibit complex movements: a stop-signal study of typewriting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8(6), 778.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"6","key":"2407_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00127-4","volume":"37","author":"T Manly","year":"1999","unstructured":"Manly, T., Robertson, I. H., Galloway, M., & Hawkins, K. (1999). The absent mind:: further investigations of sustained attention to response. Neuropsychologia, 37(6), 661\u2013670.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2407_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0695-8","volume":"49","author":"D Matzke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matzke, D., Love, J., & Heathcote, A. (2017). A Bayesian approach for estimating the probability of trigger failures in the stop-signal paradigm. Behavior research methods, 49(1), 267\u2013281.","journal-title":"Behavior research methods"},{"key":"2407_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107220","volume":"135","author":"MS Messel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Messel, M. S., Raud, L., Hoff, P. K., Skaftnes, C. S., & Huster, R. J. (2019). Strategy switches in proactive inhibitory control and their association with task-general and stopping-specific networks. Neuropsychologia, 135, 107220.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2407_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118400","volume":"241","author":"MS Messel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Messel, M. S., Raud, L., Hoff, P. K., Stubberud, J., & Huster, R. J. (2021). Frontal-midline theta reflects different mechanisms associated with proactive and reactive control of inhibition. Neuroimage, 241, 118400.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2407_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167","volume":"24","author":"EK Miller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review Of Neuroscience, 24, 167\u2013202.","journal-title":"Annual Review Of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2407_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","volume":"41","author":"A Miyake","year":"2000","unstructured":"Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex frontal lobe tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive psychology, 41(1), 49\u2013100.","journal-title":"Cognitive psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2407_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.04.2.p061","volume":"4","author":"RD Morey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morey, R. D. (2008). Confidence intervals from normalized data: A correction to Cousineau (2005). Tutorials in quantitative methods for psychology, 4(2), 61\u201364.","journal-title":"Tutorials in quantitative methods for psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2407_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.88.1.1","volume":"88","author":"DA Norman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Norman, D. A. (1981). Categorization of action slips. Psychological review, 88(1), 1.","journal-title":"Psychological review"},{"key":"2407_CR42","unstructured":"R Core Team (2025). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https:\/\/www.R-project.org"},{"issue":"2","key":"2407_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.07.002","volume":"56","author":"JR Ramautar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ramautar, J. R., Kok, A., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2004). Effects of stop-signal probability in the stop-signal paradigm: the N2\/P3 complex further validated. Brain and cognition, 56(2), 234\u2013252.","journal-title":"Brain and cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"2407_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1179\/isr.1984.9.2.179","volume":"9","author":"J Reason","year":"1984","unstructured":"Reason, J. (1984). Little slips and, big disasters. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 9(2), 179\u2013189.","journal-title":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews"},{"key":"2407_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reason, J. (2009). From little slips to big disasters: an error quest. Inside Psychology: A Science Over 50 Years, 233.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199228768.003.0018"},{"issue":"22","key":"2407_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.060","volume":"27","author":"TW Robbins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robbins, T. W., & Costa, R. M. (2017). Habits. Current biology, 27(22), R1200\u2013R1206.","journal-title":"Current biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2407_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1548-8","volume":"152","author":"K Sakai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sakai, K., Kitaguchi, K., & Hikosaka, O. (2003). Chunking during human visuomotor sequence learning. Experimental brain research, 152(2), 229\u2013242.","journal-title":"Experimental brain research"},{"key":"2407_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01821","volume":"7","author":"T Savalia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Savalia, T., Shukla, A., & Bapi, R. S. (2016). A unified theoretical framework for cognitive sequencing. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1821.","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2407_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1518\/001872098779649346","volume":"40","author":"D Shinar","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shinar, D., Meir, M., & Ben-Shoham, I. (1998). How automatic is manual gear shifting? Human Factors, 40(4), 647\u2013654.","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"issue":"1","key":"2407_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.1\/ksmith","volume":"18","author":"KS Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith, K. S., & Graybiel, A. M. (2016). Habit formation. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 18(1), 33\u201343.","journal-title":"Dialogues in clinical neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2407_CR36","first-page":"835","volume":"35","author":"F Verbruggen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Verbruggen, F., & Logan, G. D. (2009). Proactive adjustments of response strategies in the stop-signal paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35(3), 835.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"2","key":"2407_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-016-0827-5","volume":"82","author":"F Verbruggen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verbruggen, F., & McLaren, R. (2018). Effects of reward and punishment on the interaction between going and stopping in a selective stop-change task. Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 82(2), 353\u2013370.","journal-title":"Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung"},{"issue":"5","key":"2407_CR35","first-page":"1212","volume":"34","author":"F Verbruggen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Verbruggen, F., Schneider, D. W., & Logan, G. D. (2008). How to stop and change a response: the role of goal activation in multitasking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34(5), 1212.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"2","key":"2407_CR34","first-page":"417","volume":"22","author":"P Viviani","year":"1996","unstructured":"Viviani, P., & Laissard, G. (1996). Motor templates in typing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22(2), 417.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"1","key":"2407_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsy111","volume":"14","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Braver, T. S., Yin, S., Hu, X., Wang, X., & Chen, A. (2019). Reward improves response inhibition by enhancing attentional capture. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14(1), 35\u201345.","journal-title":"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience"},{"issue":"47","key":"2407_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18481","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3456-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"JR Wessel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wessel, J. R., & Aron, A. R. (2013). Unexpected events induce motor slowing via a brain mechanism for action-stopping with global suppressive effects. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(47), 18481\u201318491.","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2407_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. Retrieved from https:\/\/ggplot2.tidyverse.org","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"}],"container-title":["Psychological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02407-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02407-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02407-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:18:42Z","timestamp":1792581522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02407-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00426-026-02407-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-0727","1430-2772"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-0727","type":"print"},{"value":"1430-2772","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"191"}}