{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T23:22:34Z","timestamp":1772061754691,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,3]],"date-time":"2009-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virchows Arch"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-009-0780-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,4]],"date-time":"2009-05-04T20:24:44Z","timestamp":1241468684000},"page":"685-694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The antimicrobial peptide HBD-2 and the Toll-like receptors-2 and -4 are induced in synovial membranes in case of septic arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"454","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Varoga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Klostermeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Paulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Wruck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Lippross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. O.","family":"Brandenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Tohidnezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Seekamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Tillmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Pufe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"780_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)09522-6","volume":"351","author":"DL Goldenberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goldenberg DL (1999) Septic arthritis. Lancet 351:197\u2013202","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"780_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2005.07.004","volume":"4","author":"JJ Ross","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ross JJ (2005) Septic arthritis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 4:799\u2013817","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"780_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111166","volume":"72","author":"HE Jasin","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jasin HE (1983) Bacterial lipopolysaccharides induce in-vitro degradation of cartilage matrix through chondrocyte activation. J Clin Invest 72:2014\u20132019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"780_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200010)43:10<2283::AID-ANR16>3.0.CO;2-9","volume":"43","author":"GM Deng","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deng GM, Verdrengh M, Liu ZQ et al (2000) The major role of macrophages and their product tumor necrosis factor alpha in the induction of arthritis triggered by bacterial DNA containing CpG motifs. Arthritis Rheum 43:2283\u20132289","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"780_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000203473.96549.4e","volume":"447","author":"YS Hsieh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hsieh YS, Yang SF, Lue KH et al (2006) Clinical correlation with the PA\/plasmin system in septic arthritis of the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res 447:172\u2013178","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"780_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780030205","volume":"3","author":"CW Castor","year":"1960","unstructured":"Castor CW (1960) The microscopic structure of normal human synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum 3:140\u2013151","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"780_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.14.2.207","volume":"14","author":"P Barland","year":"1962","unstructured":"Barland P, Novikoff AB, Hamerman D (1962) Electron microscopy of the human synovial membrane. J Cell Biol 14:207\u2013220","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"780_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780351010","volume":"35","author":"LS Wilkinson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wilkinson LS, Pitsillides AA, Worrall JG et al (1992) Light microscopic characterization of the fibroblast-like synovial intimal cell (synoviocyte). Arthritis Rheum 35:1179\u20131184","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"780_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02274823","volume":"10","author":"CR Stevens","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stevens CR, Mapp PI, Revell PA (1990) A monoclonal antibody (Mab 67) marks type B synoviocytes. Rheumatol Int 10:103\u2013106","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"780_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/415389a","volume":"415","author":"M Zasloff","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zasloff M (2002) Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature 415:389\u2013395","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"780_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1180","volume":"3","author":"T Ganz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ganz T (2003) Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 3:710\u2013720","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"780_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/43088","volume":"387","author":"J Harder","year":"1997","unstructured":"Harder J, Bartels J, Christophers E et al (1997) A peptide antibiotic from human skin. Nature 387:861","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"780_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1861","volume":"101","author":"EV Valore","year":"1998","unstructured":"Valore EV, Park CH, Quale AJ et al (1998) Human \u03b2-defensin-1: an antimicrobial peptide of urogenital tissue. J Clin Invest 101:1633\u20131642","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"780_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5707","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008557200","volume":"276","author":"J Harder","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harder J, Bartels J, Christophers E et al (2001) Isolation and characterization of human \u03b2-defensin-3, a novel human inducible peptide antibiotic. J Biol Chem 276:5707\u20135713","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"780_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0865fje","volume":"15","author":"JR Garcia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Garcia JR, Krause A, Schulz S et al (2001) Human beta-defensin 4: a novel inducible peptide with a specific salt-sensitive spectrum of antimicrobial activity. FASEB J 15:1819\u20131821","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"780_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410100433","volume":"306","author":"JR Garcia","year":"2001","unstructured":"Garcia JR, Jaumann F, Schulz S et al (2001) Identification of a novel, multifunctional beta-defensin (human beta-defensin 3) with specific antimicrobial activity. Its interaction with plasma membranes of Xenopus oocytes and the induction of macrophage chemoattraction. Cell Tissue Res 306:257\u2013264","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"780_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01520","volume":"422","author":"NH Salzman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Salzman NH, Ghosh D, Huttner KM et al (2003) Protection against enteric salmonellosis in transgenic mice expressing a human intestinal defensin. Nature 422:522\u2013526","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"780_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/35106587","volume":"414","author":"V Nizet","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nizet V, Ohtake T, Lauth X et al (2001) Innate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection. Nature 414:454\u2013457","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"780_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.67.4.450","volume":"67","author":"M Muzio","year":"2000","unstructured":"Muzio M, Polentarutti N, Bosisio D et al (2000) Toll-like receptors: a growing family of immune receptors that are differentially expressed and regulated by different leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 67:450\u2013455","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"780_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200107040","volume":"155","author":"A Mushegian","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mushegian A, Medzhitov R (2001) Evolutionary perspective on innate immune recognition. J Cell Biol 155:705\u2013711","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"780_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/90609","volume":"2","author":"S Akira","year":"2001","unstructured":"Akira S, Takeda K, Kaisho T (2001) Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat Immunol 2:675\u2013678","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"780_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1116","volume":"5","author":"DN Cook","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cook DN, Pisetsky DS, Schwartz DA (2004) Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of human disease. Nat Immunol 5:975\u2013979","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"780_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126","volume":"21","author":"K Takeda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Takeda K, Kaisho T, Akira S (2003) Toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 21:335\u2013376","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"780_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.3503-3511.2003","volume":"71","author":"M Suzuki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Suzuki M, Hisamatsu T, Podolsky K (2003) Y interferon augments intracellular pathway for LPS recognition in human intestinal epithelial cells through coordinated up-regulation of LPS uptake and expression of the intracellular TLR-4-MD-2 complex. Infect Immun 71:3503\u20133511","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"780_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.5.1021-1023.2001","volume":"8","author":"F Paulsen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Paulsen F, Pufe T, Petersen W et al (2001) Expression of natural peptide antibiotics in human articular cartilage and synovial membrane. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8:1021\u20131023","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"780_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1224","volume":"198","author":"F Paulsen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paulsen F, Pufe T, Conradi L et al (2002) Antimicrobial peptides are expressed and produced in healthy and inflamed human synovial membranes. J Pathol 198:369\u2013377","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"780_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01375656","volume":"16","author":"C Haas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Haas C, Aicher WK, Dinkel A et al (1997) Characterization of SV40T antigen immortalized human synovial fibroblasts: maintained expression patterns of EGR-1, HLA-DR and some surface receptors. Rheumatol Int 16:241\u2013247","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"780_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2392::AID-ART404>3.0.CO;2-I","volume":"44","author":"S Hess","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hess S, Rheinheimer C, Tidow F et al (2001) The reprogrammed host: Chlamydia trachomatis-induced up-regulation of glycoprotein 130 cytokines, transcription factors, and antiapoptotic genes. Arthritis Rheum 44:2392\u20132401","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"780_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.1.555","volume":"175","author":"JA Ralph","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ralph JA, McEvoy AN, Kane D et al (2005) Modulation of orphan nuclear receptor NURR1 expression by methotrexate in human inflammatory joint disease involves adenosine A2A receptor-mediated responses. J Immunol 175:555\u2013565","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"780_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1142","volume":"1","author":"R Gl\u00e4ser","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gl\u00e4ser R, Harder J, Lange H et al (2005) Antimicrobial psoriasin (S100A7) protects human skin from Escherichia coli infection. Nat Immunol 1:57\u201364","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"780_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21090","volume":"52","author":"D Varoga","year":"2005","unstructured":"Varoga D, Pufe T, Harder J et al (2005) Human \u03b2-defensin-3 mediates tissue remodelling processes in articular cartilage by increasing metalloproteinases and reducing their endogenous inhibitors. Arthritis Rheum 52:1736\u20131745","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"780_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1974","volume":"209","author":"D Varoga","year":"2006","unstructured":"Varoga D, Paulsen FP, Kohrs S et al (2006) Expression and regulation of human beta-defensin-2 in osteoarthritis. J Pathol 209:166\u2013173","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"780_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s004280100422","volume":"439","author":"T Pufe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pufe T, Petersen W, Tillmann B et al (2001) The angiogenic peptide vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in foetal and ruptured tendons. Virchows Arch 439:579\u2013585","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"780_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.22.6.4023","volume":"22","author":"J Harder","year":"2000","unstructured":"Harder J, Meyer-Hoffert U, Teran LM et al (2000) Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa, TNF-alpha, and IL-1-beta, but not IL-6, induce human beta-defensin-2 in respiratory epithelia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 22:714\u2013721","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"780_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.1.575","volume":"170","author":"L Liu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Liu L, Roberts AA, Ganz T (2003) By IL-1 signaling, monocyte-derived cells dramatically enhance the epidermal antimicrobial response to lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 170:575\u2013580","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"780_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2410","volume":"102","author":"R Bals","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bals R, Wang X, Wu Z et al (1998) Human beta-defensin 2 is a salt-sensitive peptide antibiotic expressed in human lung. J Clin Invest 102:874\u2013880","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"780_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29731","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M000184200","volume":"275","author":"MN Becker","year":"2000","unstructured":"Becker MN, Diamond G, Verghese MW et al (2000) CD-14-dependent lipopolysaccharide-induced beta-defensin-2 expression in human tracheobronchial epithelium. J Biol Chem 275:29731\u201329736","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"780_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6718","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.12.6718","volume":"163","author":"DA O\u2019Neil","year":"1999","unstructured":"O\u2019Neil DA, Porter EM, Elewaut D et al (1999) Expression and regulation of the human beta-defen-sins hBD-1 and HBD-2 in intestinal epithelium. J Immunol 163:6718\u20136724","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"780_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20605","volume":"50","author":"D Varoga","year":"2004","unstructured":"Varoga D, Pufe T, Harder J et al (2004) Production of endogenous antibiotics in articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 50:3526\u20133534","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"780_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.525","volume":"286","author":"D Yang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yang D, Chertov O, Bykovskaia SN et al (1999) Beta-defensins: linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6. Science 286:525\u2013528","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"780_CR41","first-page":"613","volume":"18","author":"L Punzi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Punzi L, Peuravuori H, Jokilammi-Siltanen A et al (2000) Bactericidal\/permeability increasing protein and proinflammatory cytokines in synovial fluid of psoriatic arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 18:613\u2013615","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"780_CR42","first-page":"1719","volume":"30","author":"MI Bokarewa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bokarewa MI, Jin T, Tarkowski A (2003) Intraarticular release and accumulation of defensins and bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 30:1719\u20131724","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Virchows Archiv"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00428-009-0780-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00428-009-0780-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00428-009-0780-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:51:55Z","timestamp":1684975915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00428-009-0780-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-009-0780-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0945-6317","1432-2307"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0945-6317","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2307","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,3]]}}}