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T1 glottic LSCC patients (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009174) treated at five Finnish university hospitals between 2003 and 2013 were included. Tissue microarray (TMA) blocks were used for PD-L1 immunohistochemistry. TILs were scored from intratumoral and stromal regions in whole tissue sections. Of 174 patients, 92 (53%) had negative, 66 (38%) intermediate, and 16 (9%) high PD-L1 levels. Of 80 patients whose TILs were analyzed, 50 (63%) had low and 30 (38%) high stromal TIL density. Patients with a local recurrence or a new primary tumor of the larynx had lower TIL density than had other patients (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.047). High PD-L1 expression with low stromal TIL density was associated with inferior 5-year disease-specific survival (85% vs. 100%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.02). In conclusion, in patients treated for T1 glottic LSCC, low stromal TIL density was associated with local recurrences and new primary tumors of the larynx. High PD-L1 expression with low stromal TIL density may be associated with worse survival in T1 glottic LSCC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-023-03586-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:01:43Z","timestamp":1689642103000},"page":"315-322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Programmed death-ligand 1 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) \u2013 low TIL density may predict poorer long-term prognosis in T1 laryngeal cancer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"485","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0009-8146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pihla","family":"Pakkanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taru","family":"Ilmarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Halme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Irjala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petri","family":"Koivunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Pukkila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Ventel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alhadi","family":"Almangush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva-Maria","family":"Birkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Outi","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virva","family":"Pohjolainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelli","family":"Sj\u00f6blom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caj","family":"Haglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaana","family":"Hagstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena-Maija","family":"Aaltonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"3586_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23834","volume":"38","author":"A Haapaniemi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haapaniemi A, Koivunen P, Saarilahti K et al (2016) Laryngeal cancer in Finland: A 5-year follow-up study of 366 patients. 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