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As one of the possible results of these challenges, nonclassical features such as bile-duct injury stays understudied in AIH. We aim to develop a deep learning tool (artificial intelligence for autoimmune hepatitis [AI(H)]) that analyzes the liver biopsies and provides reproducible, quantifiable, and interpretable results directly from routine pathology slides. A total of 123 pre-treatment liver biopsies, whole-slide images with confirmed AIH diagnosis from the archives of the Institute of Pathology at University Hospital Basel, were used to train several convolutional neural network models in the Aiforia artificial intelligence (AI) platform. The performance of AI models was evaluated on independent test set slides against pathologist\u2019s manual annotations. The AI models were 99.4%, 88.0%, 83.9%, 81.7%, and 79.2% accurate (ratios of correct predictions) for tissue detection, liver microanatomy, necroinflammation features, bile duct damage detection, and portal inflammation detection, respectively, on hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides. Additionally, the immune cells model could detect and classify different immune cells (lymphocyte, plasma cell, macrophage, eosinophil, and neutrophil) with 72.4% accuracy. On Sirius red-stained slides, the test accuracies were 99.4%, 94.0%, and 87.6% for tissue detection, liver microanatomy, and fibrosis detection, respectively. Additionally, AI(H) showed bile duct injury in 81 AIH cases (68.6%). The AI models were found to be accurate and efficient in predicting various morphological components of AIH biopsies. The computational analysis of biopsy slides provides detailed spatial and density data of immune cells in AIH landscape, which is difficult by manual counting. AI(H) can aid in improving the reproducibility of AIH biopsy assessment and bring new descriptive and quantitative aspects to AIH histology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-024-03841-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T19:01:37Z","timestamp":1718478097000},"page":"1095-1105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A deep-learning-based model for assessment of autoimmune hepatitis from histology: AI(H)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"485","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5611-2699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caner","family":"Ercan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kattayoun","family":"Kordy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Knuuttila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darshan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"Koponen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mesenbrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serenella","family":"Eppenberger-Castori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos C.","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi M.","family":"Terracciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3841_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.10.020","volume":"60","author":"L Gr\u00f8nb\u00e6k","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gr\u00f8nb\u00e6k L, Vilstrup H, Jepsen P (2014) Autoimmune hepatitis in Denmark: incidence, prevalence, prognosis, and causes of death. 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Terracciano have no conflicts to declare. Anna Knuuttila and Darshan Kumar are employees and shareholders of Aiforia Technologies. Ville Koponen is associated with Aiforia Technologies, however, does not have any conflict of interest to declare. Xiaofei Zhou and Peter Mesenbrink are employees and shareholders of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA. Kattayoun Kordy was an employee and shareholder of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA. Parisa Amini is an employee of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. Marcos C. Pedrosa was an employee and shareholder of Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}