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Neither effective adjuvant nor palliative therapeutic options are available. Research efforts in this field have so far failed to establish robust predictors of survival. To identify prognostic targets in PeCa, the current project focused on characterizing the tumor microenvironment (TME). A study cohort of 93 men with PeCa was used for the construction of a tissue microarray and immunohistochemical staining for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD56, CD138, FoxP3, and PD-L1. The quantity and spatial distribution of tumor-infiltrating immune cells were analyzed using digital image analysis. PD-L1 staining of tumor and immune cells was manually scored (combined positivity score (CPS)). T cells, T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), and regulatory T cells were detected in\u2009&gt;\u200990% of PeCa and B cells in 88%, plasma cells in 85%, and NK cells in 23%. Approximately 50% of the PeCa samples were PD-L1 positive. In the univariate survival analysis, high PD-L1 CPS, plasma cells, CTLs, and B cells were significantly associated with favorable overall survival (OS), and the latter two with adverse recurrence-free survival. In multivariate analysis, plasma cells remained a significant factor for favorable OS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04). In this study, the immune cells in the TME, especially plasma cells, were favorably associated with patient survival compared to other established prognostic factors in PeCa. Contemporarily, plasma cells have been discussed in the light of contributing to responses to modern immunotherapies. The results of this study support this notion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-024-04013-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T17:15:30Z","timestamp":1736874930000},"page":"687-699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Tumor-infiltrating plasma cells are a prognostic factor in penile squamous cell carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"487","author":[{"given":"P. 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