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This study investigated primary colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues resected from 180 cases in a single institute in a region highly endemic for human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers. Among those 180 cases, 35 HTLV-1 carriers were identified. CRC patients who were HTLV-1 carriers were significantly older (mean age: 76.9 vs. 72.7\u00a0years,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0341), with a lower incidence of lymph node metastases (pN0: 91% vs. 65%,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0085), and lower tumour stages (stage III or IV: 11% vs. 36%,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0117) compared to non-carriers. HTLV-1 carriers tended to show a lower incidence of relapse, although the difference was not significant (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.2272). The density of forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) was significantly higher in HTLV-1 carriers (median density: 132 vs. 89 cells\/mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0051). In situ hybridisation showed cells positive for\n                    <jats:italic>HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor<\/jats:italic>\n                    , likely representing lymphocytes located in stroma around the cancer nest. Our findings indicate that lymph node metastasis was significantly suppressed in CRC patients infected with HTLV-1. Since HTLV-1 infection reportedly impairs the immunosuppressive functions of Tregs, anti-cancer immune responses are potentially enhanced in CRC patients who are HTLV-1 carriers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-025-04074-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T08:24:26Z","timestamp":1742459066000},"page":"853-863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of HTLV-1 infection on clinicopathological characteristics and tumour immune microenvironment in colorectal cancer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"487","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9161-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rin","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Arima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromu","family":"Yano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukio","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Kanemitsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norihisa","family":"Hanada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Ichirou","family":"Yasunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Iwatsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiki","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Komohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"4074_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.12.7415","volume":"77","author":"BJ Poiesz","year":"1980","unstructured":"Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC (1980) Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. 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