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This study aimed at identifying the expression profiles of immune-related genes and miRNAs in anaplastic (ATC) and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTC) associated with papillary carcinoma (PTC) components. Immune-related genes were investigated using the nCounter\u00ae PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel in separate ATC and PTC components of 12 cases, and in PDTC component only of nine additional cases associated with PTC. Global miRNAs profiling was also analyzed separately in ATC and PTC components of 8 out of the 12 cases. Comparative analysis between ATC and matched PTC components revealed largely stable gene expression patterns, with only a few genes deregulated. Of these, five genes (\n                    <jats:italic>MAP3K1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>PRKCD<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CYFIP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>BLNK<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>EPCAM<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were downregulated, while six (\n                    <jats:italic>RIPK2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ITGB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CCL3L1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ITGA5<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>PLAUR<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>TICAM2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were upregulated in ATC. Furthermore, 54 miRNAs were significantly upregulated in ATC, as compared to PTC components. One of the most regulated pathways was the MAPK signaling, with six of these deregulated miRNAs targeting the\n                    <jats:italic>MAP3K1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Comparing ATC and PDTC, over 200 genes were differentially expressed between PDTC and ATC samples, involving all major immune-related pathways, with a consistent downregulation in PDTC. In conclusion, ATC displays high levels of expression of immunoregulatory genes as compared to PDTC. Moreover, a subset of genes and miRNAs is significantly de-regulated along progression from PTC to ATC, suggesting their potential role as biomarkers and involvement in key functional mechanisms.\u00a0\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-025-04262-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T03:42:40Z","timestamp":1758166960000},"page":"755-766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Differential expression profiles of immunoregulatory genes in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas with a coexistent papillary carcinoma component"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"487","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Orlando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Zambelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Maletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Capella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Duregon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0719-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Volante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Papotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"4262_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09707-3","volume":"33","author":"ZW Baloch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baloch ZW, Asa SL, Barletta JA et al (2022) Overview of the 2022 WHO classification of thyroid neoplasms. 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