{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:03:08Z","timestamp":1770969788403,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005743","name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virchows Arch"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most thyroid lesions are of epithelial origin characterized by a papillary and\/or follicular pattern. However, lesions involving plasma cells or plasmacytoid cytomorphology that mimic plasma cells can rarely be encountered in the thyroid gland. Thyroid lesions involving true plasma cells include benign entities such as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and neoplasms including plasmacytoma. Thyroid lesions that present with plasmacytoid features include medullary thyroid carcinoma. Rendering the correct diagnosis may be difficult due to the rarity of these lesions, overlapping cytomorphologic features, and challenges selecting the appropriate ancillary studies. This review discusses those thyroid entities showing plasmacytoid cell features and emphasizes their relevance to the recent Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology and WHO classification of endocrine tumors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-026-04442-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:23:04Z","timestamp":1770960184000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasma cells and plasmacytoid features in thyroid lesions"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Feraco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Belen Padial","family":"Urtueta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Merenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Cioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Piermattei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Straccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Cianfrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Mule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liron","family":"Pantanowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3819-4229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther Diana","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4442_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-28046-7","volume-title":"The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology, 3rd Edition","author":"S Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali S, Vanderlaan P (2023) The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology, 3rd Edition. Springer, Berlin"},{"issue":"12","key":"4442_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01025-4","volume":"20","author":"G Grani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grani G, Sponziello M, Filetti S, Durante C (2024) Thyroid nodules diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Endocrinol 20(12):715\u2013728","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4442_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2024.05.016","volume":"31","author":"AA Parsa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parsa AA, Gharib H (2025) Thyroid\u00a0nodules: past, present, and future. Endocr Pract 31(1):114\u2013123","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"4442_CR4","unstructured":"Fletcher CM. Diagnostic histopathology of tumors. Thyroid chapter; 1060\u20131062. Elsevier 9th ed 2000"},{"issue":"2","key":"4442_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.12.001","volume":"37","author":"ZW Baloch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baloch ZW, LiVolsi V (2008) Unusual tumors of the thyroid glands. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 37(2):297\u2013310","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"4442_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09707-3","volume":"33","author":"ZW Baloch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baloch ZW, Asa SL, Barletta JA et al (2022) Overview of the 2022 WHO classification of thyroid neoplasms. Endocr Pathol 33(1):27\u201363","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"4442_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE et al (2022) 2015 American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 16 Jan;26((1)):1\u2013133 Sajisevi M, Caulley L, Eskander A et al. Evaluating the Rising Incidence of Thyroid Cancer and Thyroid Nodule Detection Modes: A Multinational, Multi-institutional Analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 148: 811\u201318","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0020"},{"key":"4442_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20000825)90:4<239::AID-CNCR7>3.0.CO;2-S","volume":"90","author":"DN Poller","year":"2000","unstructured":"Poller DN, Ibrahim AK, Cummings MH et al (2000) Fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid. Importance of an indeterminate diagnostic category. Cancer Cytopathol 90:239\u2013244","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"key":"4442_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0181","volume":"165","author":"G Fadda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fadda G, Rossi ED, Raffaelli M et al (2011) Follicular thyroid neoplasms can be classified as low and high risk according to HBME-1 and Galectin 3 expression on liquid based fine needle cytology. Eur J Endocrinol 165:447\u2013453","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"4442_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-015-9386-3","volume":"26","author":"D Damiani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Damiani D, Suciu V, Vielh P (2015) Cytopathology of follicular cell nodules. Endocr Pathol 26:286\u2013291","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"4442_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.20192","volume":"120","author":"JF Krane","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krane JF, Vanderlaan PA, Faquin WC et al (2012) The atypia of undetermined significance\/follicular lesion of undetermined significance:malignant ratio. Cancer Cytopathol 120:111\u2013116","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"key":"4442_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30314-1","volume":"19","author":"NA Samaan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Samaan NA, Ordonez NG (1990) Uncommon types of thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 19:637","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"4442_CR13","first-page":"IO17","volume":"7","author":"V Karuna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karuna V et al (2018) Various cytomorphological cell patterns analysis in thyroid swelling on adequate smears. National J Lab Med 7(3):IO17\u2013IO23","journal-title":"National J Lab Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4442_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-020-09638-x","volume":"31","author":"JM Cameselle-Teijeiro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Eloy C, Sobrinho-Sim\u00f5es M (2020) Pitfalls in challenging thyroid tumors: emphasis on differential diagnosis and ancillary biomarkers. Endocr Pathol 31(3):197\u2013217","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"4442_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2117-7652","volume":"55","author":"A Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen A, Huang L, Zhang L (2023) Helper T cell 17 and regulatory T cell levels in peripheral blood of newly diagnosed patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: a meta-analysis. Horm Metab Res 55:40\u201350","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"4442_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136883","volume":"25","author":"K Wro\u0144ska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wro\u0144ska K, Ha\u0142asa M, Szczuko M (2024) The role of the immune system in the course of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: the current state of knowledge. Int J Mol Sci 25(13):6883","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4442_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-019-00499-8","volume":"14","author":"Y Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhou G, Ozaki T, Nishihara E et al (2019) Distinct histopathological features of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis with respect to IgG4-related disease. Mod Pathol 2012; 25(8), 1086\u20131097 18) Pham A, Mahindra A. Solitary plasmacytoma: a review of diagnosis and management. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 14(2):63\u201369","journal-title":"Curr Hematol Malig Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"4442_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-002-0015-2","volume":"3","author":"MA Dimopoulos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dimopoulos MA, Hamilos G (2002) Solitary bone plasmacytoma and extramedullary plasmacytoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 3(3):255\u2013259","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4442_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23201","volume":"87","author":"R Warsame","year":"2012","unstructured":"Warsame R, Gertz MA, Lacy MQ et al (2012) Trends and outcomes of modern staging of solitary plasmacytoma of bone. Am J Hematol 87(7):647\u2013651","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4442_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2303.2009.00640.x","volume":"20","author":"H Sarin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sarin H, Manucha V, Verma K (2009) Extramedullary plasmacytoma, a report of five cases diagnosed by FNAC. Cytopathology 20(5):328\u2013331","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4442_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-019-00499-8","volume":"14","author":"A Pham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pham A, Mahindra A (2019) Solitary plasmacytoma: a review of diagnosis and management. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 14(2):63\u201369","journal-title":"Curr Hematol Malig Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4442_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.12658","volume":"30","author":"D Gochhait","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gochhait D, Govindarajalou R, Kar R et al (2019) Plasmacytoma of thyroid clinically and morphologically mimicking primary thyroid carcinoma. Cytopathology 30(1):113\u2013116","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4442_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10010029","volume":"10","author":"JH Mo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mo JH, Tan D, Zhao XS et al (2020) Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma histologically mimicking a plasmacytoma. Diagnostics 10(1):29","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4442_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.1996.268311.x","volume":"28","author":"RK Pedersen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pedersen RK, Pedersen NT (1996) Primary non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma of the thyroid gland: a population based study. Histopathology 28(1):25\u201332","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4442_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1159\/000326571","volume":"47","author":"E Lerma","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lerma E, Arguelles R, Rigla M et al (2003) Comparative findings of lymphocytic thyroiditis and thyroid lymphoma. Acta Cytol 47(4):575\u2013580","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4442_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.1273","volume":"9","author":"P Kossev","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kossev P, Livolsi V (1999) Lymphoid lesions of the thyroid: review in light of the revised European-American lymphoma classification and upcoming World Health Organization classification. Thyroid 9(12):1273\u20131280","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"4","key":"4442_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2007.051243","volume":"61","author":"OV Moshynska","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moshynska OV, Saxena A (2008) Clonal relationship between Hashimoto thyroiditis and thyroid lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 61(4):438\u2013444","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4442_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.018416","volume":"57","author":"A Saxena","year":"2004","unstructured":"Saxena A, Alport EC, Moshynska O, Kanthan R, Boctor MA (2004) Clonal B cell populations in a minority of patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. J Clin Pathol 57(12):1258\u20131263","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"4442_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5152\/UCD.2017.3221","volume":"34","author":"S Erg\u00fcn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Erg\u00fcn S, Ak\u0131nc\u0131 O, \u00d6zt\u00fcrk T et al (2018) Hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid gland. Turk J Surg 34:149\u2013151","journal-title":"Turk J Surg"},{"key":"4442_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2023.08.006","volume":"46","author":"S Chu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chu S (2023) Hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid: a case report. Asian J Surg 46:5559e5560","journal-title":"Asian J Surg"},{"key":"4442_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-019-01083-5","volume":"14","author":"ED Rossi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rossi ED, Papotti M, Faquin W et al (2020) The diagnosis of hyalinizing trabecular tumor: a difficult and controversial thyroid entity. Head Neck Pathol 14:778\u2013784","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4442_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-024-00196-6","volume":"17","author":"S Hayashi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hayashi S, Bandoh N, Baba S et al (2024) A case of hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid: diagnostic significance of PAX8-GLIS3 fusion. Thyroid Res 17(1):9","journal-title":"Thyroid Res"},{"issue":"131\u20139","key":"4442_CR33","first-page":"13","volume":"35","author":"H Jang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jang H, Park CK, Son EJ et al (2016) Hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid: diagnosis of a rare tumor using ultrasonography, cytology and intraoperative frozen sections. Ultrasonography 35(131\u20139):13","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"issue":"3","key":"4442_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.0202","volume":"21","author":"S Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee S, Han BK, Ko EY et al (2011) The ultra sonography features of hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid are more consistent with its benign behavior than cytology or frozen section readings. Thyroid 21(3):253\u20139.14","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"9","key":"4442_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185114549225","volume":"56","author":"WJ Choi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi WJ, Baek JH, Ha EJ et al (2015) The ultrasonography features of hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid gland and the role of fine needle aspiration cytology and core needle biopsy in its diagnosis. Acta Radiol 56(9):1113\u20131118","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"4442_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2017-204360","volume":"70","author":"C Saglietti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saglietti C, Piana S, La Rosa S et al (2017) Hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid: fine needle aspiration cyto logical diagnosis and correlation with histology. J Clin Pathol 70:641\u2013647","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"4442_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.25259\/Cytojournal_34_2023","volume":"20","author":"L Nielsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nielsen L, Colino Gallardo AM, P\u00e9rez Alonso P et al (2023) Diagnostic clues for hyalinizing trabecular tumor on fine needle aspiration cytology. Cytojournal 20:19\u201325","journal-title":"Cytojournal"},{"issue":"4","key":"4442_CR38","volume":"15","author":"O Alsogair","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alsogair O, Alalawi AA, Alzahim AF et al (2023) Hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid gland: a case report and literature review. Cureus 15(4):e37845","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"4442_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umekita Y, Kazumi Umeki K, Kawano F et al (2023) Unusual papillary thyroid carcinoma with hyalinizing trabecular tumor-like feature in a young female patient: a case report.\u00a0J Med Case Rep\u00a017: Article 112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-023-03870-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"4442_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_279_20","volume":"33","author":"C-H Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng C-H (2021) Hyalinizing trabecular tumor, a rare histologically unique tumor of the thyroid, coexisting with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Tzu Chi Med J 33(2):198\u2013199","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"4442_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22139","volume":"127","author":"M Dell\u2019Aquila","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Aquila M, Gravina C, Cocomazzi A et al (2019) A large series of hyalinizing trabecular tumors: cytomorphology and ancillary techniques on fine needle aspiration. Cancer Cytopathol 127(6):390\u2013398","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4442_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2025.14865","volume":"29","author":"L Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang L, Ma Q, Shen Z et al (2025) Hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid: a case report. Oncol Lett 29(3):118","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"4442_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_405_22","volume":"67","author":"F Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang F, Liu Y (2023) Cytomorphological traits of fine-needle aspirates of hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid gland: a brief report. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 67(1):128\u2013132","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"4442_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2018.04.28","volume":"52","author":"Y-Y Rhee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rhee Y-Y, Jung HK, Kim SH et al (2018) Hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid gland, a diagnostic challenge in fine-needle aspiration cytology: case report. J Pathol Transl Med 52:252\u2013256","journal-title":"J Pathol Transl Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"4442_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ21-0143","volume":"68","author":"Y Ito","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ito Y, Hirokawa M, Kousaka K et al (2021) Diagnosis and management of hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid: a single-institution experience. Endocr J 68(12):1403\u20131409","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"9","key":"4442_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22163","volume":"127","author":"MN Nikiforova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nikiforova MN, Nikiforov YE, Ohori NP (2019) Glis rearrangements in thyroid nodules: a key to preoperative diagnosis of hyalinizing trabecular tumor. Cancer Cytopathol 127(9):560\u2013566","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4442_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2010.05.002","volume":"22","author":"F Pacini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pacini F, Castagna MG, Cipri C, Schlumberger M (2010) Medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 22(6):475\u2013485","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"issue":"6","key":"4442_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3747\/co.26.5553","volume":"26","author":"V Larouche","year":"2019","unstructured":"Larouche V, Akirov A, Thomas CM (2019) A primer on the genetics of medullary thyroid cancer. Curr Oncol 26(6):389\u2013394","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4442_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11081396","volume":"11","author":"CY Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu CY, Chen CC, Bychkov A (2021) Constitutive cytomorphologic features of medullary thyroid carcinoma using different staining methods. Diagnostics (Basel) 11(8):1396","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"4442_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.0338","volume":"17","author":"T Kudo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kudo T, Miyauchi A, Ito Y (2007) Diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma by calcitonin measurement in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens. Thyroid 17(7):635\u2013638","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"9","key":"4442_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2023.2247566","volume":"23","author":"MR Pelizzo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pelizzo MR, Mazza EI, Mian C (2023) Medullary thyroid carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 23(9):943\u2013957","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"key":"4442_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02739911","volume":"7","author":"M Papotti","year":"1996","unstructured":"Papotti M, Sambataro D, Pecchioni C et al (1996) The pathology of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: review of the literature and personal experience on 62 cases. Endocr Pathol 7:1\u201320","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4442_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3747\/co.26.5539","volume":"26","author":"CM Thomas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomas CM, Asa SL, Ezzat S, Sawka AM, Goldstein D (2019) Diagnosis and pathologic characteristics of medullary thyroid carcinoma-review of current guidelines. Curr Oncol 26(5):338\u2013344","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4442_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-22-0021","volume":"11","author":"J Tong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tong J, Ruan M, Jin Y, Fu H (2022) Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a clinician\u2019s perspective. Eur Thyroid J 11(2):e220021","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4442_CR55","first-page":"185","volume":"117","author":"M Bongiovanni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bongiovanni M, Bloom L, Krane JF, Baloch ZW, Powers CN, Hintermann S, Pache JC, Faquin WC (2009) Cytomorphologic features of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a multi-institutional analysis of 40 cases. Cancer 117(3):185\u2013194","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"4442_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2019.12.03","volume":"54","author":"NR Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim NR, Seok JY, Chung YS (2020) Contribution of cytologic examination to diagnosis of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Pathol Transl Med 54(2):171\u2013178","journal-title":"J Pathol Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4442_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.23736\/S0031-0808.23.05040-1","volume":"66","author":"V Cirello","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cirello V, Gambale C, Nikitski AV, Masaki C, Roque J, Colombo C (2024) Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: molecular, clinico-pathological hallmarks and therapeutic perspectives. Panminerva Med 66(2):155\u2013173","journal-title":"Panminerva Med"},{"key":"4442_CR58","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Endocrine and neuroendocrine tumours [Internet]. Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2022 [cited 2025\/02\/25]. (WHO classification of tumours series, 5th\u00a0ed.; vol. 10). Available from: https:\/\/tumourclassification.iarc.who.int\/chapters\/53"},{"issue":"3","key":"4442_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.12681","volume":"30","author":"D Gochhait","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gochhait D, Edura P, Ganesh NR, Siddaraju N, Rangarajan V, Keloth T (2019) Plasmacytoid morphology of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: diagnostic approach with a brief review of the literature. Cytopathology 30(3):326\u2013329","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"4442_CR60","unstructured":"Mete O, Thompson LDR, Kimura\u00a0N et al (2022) Word Heath Organization classification of tumors. Head and neck tumors (5th ed.). Chapter 15: neuroendocrine neoplasms and paraganglioma. International Agency for Research on Cancer,\u00a0Lyon"},{"issue":"11","key":"4442_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489420931540","volume":"129","author":"ND Cass","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cass ND, Schopper MA, Lubin JA et al (2020) The changing paradigm of head and neck paragangliomas: what every otolaryngologist needs to know. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 129(11):1135\u20131143","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4442_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-3284-2-23","volume":"23","author":"DJ Moskovic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moskovic DJ, Smolarz JR, Stanley D et al (2010) Malignant head and neck paragangliomas: is there an optimal treatment strategy? Head Neck Oncol 23(2):23","journal-title":"Head Neck Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4442_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.10.002","volume":"29","author":"L Sandow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sandow L, Thawani R, Kim MS et al (2023) Paraganglioma of the head and neck: a review. Endocr Pract 29(2):141\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.10.002","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"4442_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/PDM.0b013e318150d67c","volume":"17","author":"RD Klein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klein RD, Jin L, Rumilla K et al (2008) Germline SDHB mutations are common in patients with apparently sporadic sympathetic paragangliomas. Diagn Mol Pathol 17(2):94\u2013100","journal-title":"Diagn Mol Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4442_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-011-0880-x","volume":"397","author":"O Gimm","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gimm O, DeMicco C, Perren A et al (2012) Malignant pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: a diagnostic challenge. Langenbecks Arch Surg 397(2):155\u2013177","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"4442_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-021-09694-x","volume":"32","author":"N Kimura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kimura N, Shiga K, Kaneko KI et al (2021) Immunohistochemical expression of choline acetyltransferase and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in head-and-neck and thoracoabdominal paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas. Endocr Pathol 32(4):442\u2013451","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"4442_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13142388","volume":"13","author":"ED Rossi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rossi ED, Bruno C, Tralongo P et al (2023) Updates from our institutional experience with thyroid nodules diagnosed as metastases Diagnosed as Metastases. Diagnostics 13:2388","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"11","key":"4442_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00261-9","volume":"11","author":"ED Rossi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rossi ED, Pantanowitz L (2023) Metastases to the thyroid gland: how does this affect cytohistological diagnoses? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 11(11):787\u2013789","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4442_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02773.x","volume":"66","author":"G Papi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Papi G, Fadda G, Corsello SM et al (2007) Metastases to the thyroid gland: prevalence, clinicopathological aspects and prognosis: a 10-year experience. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 66(4):565\u2013571","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4442_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-017-9475-6","volume":"28","author":"P Straccia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Straccia P, Mosseri C, Brunelli C et al (2017) Diagnosis and treatment of metastases to the thyroid gland: a meta-analysis. Endocr Pathol 28(2):112\u2013120","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"4442_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14123017","volume":"14","author":"Q Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang Q, Wang Z (2022) Metastases to the thyroid gland: what can we do? Cancers 14:3017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14123017","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"4442_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2017-0570-RS","volume":"143","author":"R Garcia Pastorello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garcia Pastorello R, AjajSaieg M (2019) Metastases to the thyroid potential cytologic mimics of primary thyroid neoplasms. Arch Pathol Lab Med 143:394\u2013399","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"4442_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063242","volume":"23","author":"M Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen M, He G, King-Yin Lam A (2022) Clinicopathological and molecular features of secondary cancer (metastasis) to the thyroid and advances in management. Int J Mol Sci 23:3242","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4442_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000251","author":"M Manuel Costa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manuel Costa M, Belo S, Capela-Costa J et al (2017) Malignant melanoma with synchronous thyroid metastases: case report and literature review. Arch Endocrinol Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/2359-3997000000251","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2118672","key":"4442_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2118672","volume":"2023","author":"RR Thanadar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thanadar RR, Siddiqui UM, Bai S et al (2023) Uveal melanoma metastasis to the thyroid. Case Reports Endocrinol 2023(2118672):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/2118672","journal-title":"Case Reports Endocrinol"},{"key":"4442_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-022-01465-2","volume":"16","author":"S Pasricha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pasricha S, Diwan H, Bansal D (2022) Intrathyroidal plasmacytoma with pleomorphic multilobated bizarre cells: a rare primary clinicopathological presentation mimicking anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid. Head Neck Pathol 16:1257\u20131262","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"key":"4442_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072709","volume":"12","author":"A Patrizio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patrizio A, Ferrari SM, Stoppini G et al (2023) Thyroid metastasis from primary breast cancer. J Clin Med 12:2709","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"4442_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-017-1441-x","volume":"11","author":"AM Plonczak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Plonczak AM, DiMarco AN, Dina R et al (2017) Breast cancer metastases to the thyroid gland\u2013 an uncommon sentinel for diffuse metastatic disease: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 11:269","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"4442_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i3.1106","volume":"10","author":"W Wen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wen W, Jiang H, Wen H-Y et al (2022) Metastasis to the thyroid gland from primary breast cancer presenting as diffuse goiter: a case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 10(3):1106\u20131115","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"issue":"5","key":"4442_CR80","first-page":"606","volume":"33","author":"LJ Layfield","year":"1989","unstructured":"Layfield LJ, Ostrzega N (1989) Fine needle aspirate smear morphology in metastatic melanoma. Acta Cytol 33(5):606\u2013612","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"4442_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1987.00370020129049","volume":"147","author":"SA Smith","year":"1987","unstructured":"Smith SA, Gharib H, Goellner JR (1987) Fine-needle aspiration: usefulness for diagnosis and management of metastatic carcinoma to the thyroid. Arch Intern Med 147:311\u2013312","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Virchows Archiv"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00428-026-04442-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00428-026-04442-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00428-026-04442-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T07:04:10Z","timestamp":1770966250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00428-026-04442-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["4442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-026-04442-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0945-6317","1432-2307"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0945-6317","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2307","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was received from the internal Committee Policlinico Gemelli 2023 n* 123. Prof Esther Rossi belongs to the Virchow Archives\u2019 editorial board.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}