{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:27:26Z","timestamp":1790623646946,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Virchows Arch"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The workshop on \u2018Reactive and therapy induced BM changes linked to systemic infectious and non-infectious disorders including MAS\/HLH\u2019 of the 22nd meeting of the European Association for Haematopathology held in Dubrovnik, 2024, included 58 cases. These encompassed a broad range of infections, autoimmune disorders, malignancies and therapy-effects, or a combination of these factors, of which 28 had an associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) \/ Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS). Histoplasmosis, the infection mostly associated with HLH, showed a wide variability of BM changes, with or without focal lesions. Leishmaniasis, less often associated with HLH, induced BM changes that mimic myelodysplastic syndrome. BM changes after COVID-19 infection included myeloid and megakaryocytic hypoplasia, erythroid hyperplasia, dyserythropoiesis, hemophagocytosis, and possibly ring granulomas. Other infectious causes included viruses (HHV-8, EBV, Parvovirus B19), mycobacterial infections, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. HLH may arise in association with the full spectrum of EBV-related disorders, including acute infection, systemic chronic active EBV disease, viral reactivation, and EBV-associated malignancies. BM changes associated with autoimmune diseases included plasmacytosis, myeloid hyperplasia and hemophagocytosis, with or without meeting the criteria of MAS\/HLH, the latter often triggered by a secondary infection or exacerbation of the disease. Haematologic malignancies (EBV-positive and negative) with HLH encompassed B-cell, T-\/NK-cell, and myeloid neoplasms. In addition, the workshop included therapy-induced BM changes, such as differentiation syndrome, lenalidomide-associated B-ALL, therapy-related dysplasia, gelatinous transformation, CAR-T\u2013induced BM hypoplasia, and CAR-T\u2013associated HLH. Finally, the workshop demonstrated the presence of T-cell expansions in a variety of conditions, which should not be misinterpreted as T-cell malignancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-026-04604-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T02:37:05Z","timestamp":1782182225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reactive and therapy induced bone marrow changes linked to systemic infectious and non-infectious disorders including MAS\/HLH report from the European association for haematopathology, Dubrovnik 2024"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1241-4230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna C.","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1100-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandar","family":"Tzankov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4250-3891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Traverse-Glehen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4357-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonie","family":"Saft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9990-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roos J.","family":"Leguit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"4604_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2314005","volume":"392","author":"JI Henter","year":"2025","unstructured":"Henter JI, Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (2025) N Engl J Med 392(6):584\u2013598 10.1056\/NEJMra2314005 From NLM In-Process","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4604_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2020.101515","volume":"34","author":"G Griffin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Griffin G, Shenoi S, Hughes GC (2020) Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: An update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 34(4):101515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2020.101515 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4604_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13298","volume":"322","author":"MB Jordan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jordan MB (2024) Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: A disorder of T cell activation, immune regulation, and distinctive immunopathology. Immunol Rev 322(1):339\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.13298 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"4604_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102538","volume":"208","author":"EE Zoller","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zoller EE, Lykens JE, Terrell CE, Aliberti J, Filipovich AH, Henson PM, Jordan MB (2011) Hemophagocytosis causes a consumptive anemia of inflammation. J Exp Med 208(6):1203\u20131214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20102538 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4604_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21039","volume":"48","author":"JI Henter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Henter JI, Horne A, Arico M, Egeler RM, Filipovich AH, Imashuku S, Ladisch S, McClain K, Webb D, Winiarski J et al (2007) HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 48(2):124\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.21039 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"22","key":"4604_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024025077","volume":"144","author":"JI Henter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Henter JI, Sieni E, Eriksson J, Bergsten E, Hed Myrberg I, Canna SW, Coniglio ML, Cron RQ, Kernan KF, Kumar AR et al (2024) Diagnostic guidelines for familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis revisited. Blood 144(22):2308\u20132318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2024025077 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"9","key":"4604_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38690","volume":"66","author":"L Fardet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fardet L, Galicier L, Lambotte O, Marzac C, Aumont C, Chahwan D, Coppo P, Hejblum G (2014) Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 66(9):2613\u20132620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.38690 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"4604_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ravelli A, Minoia F, Davi S, Horne A, Bovis F, Pistorio A, Arico M, Avcin T, Behrens EM, De Benedetti F, \/Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation Collaborative Initiative (2016) Arthritis Rheumatol 68(3):566\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.39332 From NLM Medline 2016 Classification Criteria for Macrophage Activation Syndrome Complicating Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis:A European League Against Rheumatism\/American College of Rheumatology","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39332"},{"issue":"10","key":"4604_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215211","volume":"78","author":"F Minoia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Minoia F, Bovis F, Davi S, Horne A, Fischbach M, Frosch M, Huber A, Jelusic M, Sawhney S, McCurdy DK et al (2019) Development and initial validation of the MS score for diagnosis of macrophage activation syndrome in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 78(10):1357\u20131362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215211 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4604_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.06.048","volume":"137","author":"V Cetica","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cetica V, Sieni E, Pende D, Danesino C, De Fusco C, Locatelli F, Micalizzi C, Putti MC, Biondi A, Fagioli F et al (2016) Genetic predisposition to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Report on 500 patients from the Italian registry. J Allergy Clin Immunol 137(1):188\u2013196e184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.06.048 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4604_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001605","volume":"4","author":"V Gadoury-Levesque","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gadoury-Levesque V, Dong L, Su R, Chen J, Zhang K, Risma KA, Marsh RA, Sun M (2020) Frequency and spectrum of disease-causing variants in 1892 patients with suspected genetic HLH disorders. Blood Adv 4(12):2578\u20132594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001605 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"4604_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00395","volume":"10","author":"Y Miao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miao Y, Zhu HY, Qiao C, Xia Y, Kong Y, Zou YX, Miao YQ, Chen X, Cao L, Wu W et al (2019) Pathogenic Gene Mutations or Variants Identified by Targeted Gene Sequencing in Adults With Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Front Immunol 10:395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00395 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4604_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00431-2","volume":"185","author":"N Ashraf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ashraf N, Kubat RC, Poplin V, Adenis AA, Denning DW, Wright L, McCotter O, Schwartz IS, Jackson BR, Chiller T et al (2020) Re-drawing the Maps for Endemic Mycoses. Mycopathologia 185(5):843\u2013865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11046-020-00431-2 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"4604_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac106","volume":"212","author":"T Asano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asano T, Utsumi T, Kagawa R, Karakawa S, Okada S (2023) Inborn errors of immunity with loss- and gain-of-function germline mutations in STAT1. Clin Exp Immunol 212(2):96\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cei\/uxac106 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4604_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.052","volume":"131","author":"EP Sampaio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sampaio EP, Hsu AP, Pechacek J, Bax HI, Dias DL, Paulson ML, Chandrasekaran P, Rosen LB, Carvalho DS, Ding L et al (2013) Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) gain-of-function mutations and disseminated coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 131(6):1624\u20131634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.052 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4604_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847917","volume":"49","author":"S Silva-Barrios","year":"2019","unstructured":"Silva-Barrios S, Stager S (2019) Hypergammaglobulinemia sustains the development of regulatory responses during chronic Leishmania donovani infection in mice. Eur J Immunol 49(7):1082\u20131091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.201847917 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"4604_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Costa-da-Silva AC, Nascimento DO, Ferreira JRM, Guimaraes-Pinto K, Freire-de-Lima L, Morrot A, Decote-Ricardo D, Filardy AA (2022) Freire-de-Lima, C. G. Immune Responses in Leishmaniasis: An Overview. Trop Med Infect Dis 7(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed7040054. From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7040054"},{"key":"4604_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poulaki A, Piperaki ET, Voulgarelis M (2021) Effects of Visceralising Leishmania on the Spleen, Liver, and Bone Marrow: A Pathophysiological Perspective. Microorganisms 9(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9040759. From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040759"},{"issue":"5","key":"4604_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05230","volume":"127","author":"CM Bacon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bacon CM, Miller RF, Noursadeghi M, McNamara C, Du MQ, Dogan A (2004) Pathology of bone marrow in human herpes virus-8 (HHV8)-associated multicentric Castleman disease. Br J Haematol 127(5):585\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05230.x From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4604_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqac105","volume":"159","author":"SD Dojcinov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dojcinov SD, Quintanilla-Martinez L, How I, Diagnose EBV-Positive (2023) B- and T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Am J Clin Pathol 159(1):14\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/aqac105 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"4604_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maher P, Guzman E, Chaffin J, Kashif R, Burnside RD (2025) Systemic EBV\u2009+\u2009T-Cell Lymphoma of Childhood with Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in a Patient with a Highly Complex Karyotype. Genes (Basel) 16(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes16040382. From NLM Medline","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16040382"},{"issue":"3","key":"4604_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-023-03616-4","volume":"483","author":"F Climent","year":"2023","unstructured":"Climent F, Nicolae A, de Leval L, Dirnhofer S, Leoncini L, Ondrejka SL, Soma L, Wotherspoon A, Zamo A, Quintanilla-Martinez L et al (2023) Cytotoxic peripheral T-cell lymphomas and EBV-positive T\/NK-cell lymphoproliferative diseases: emerging concepts, recent advances, and the putative role of clonal hematopoiesis. A report of the 2022 EA4HP\/SH lymphoma workshop. Virchows Arch 483(3):333\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-023-03616-4 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"issue":"10","key":"4604_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0793-2","volume":"21","author":"C Larroche","year":"2002","unstructured":"Larroche C, Scieux C, Honderlick P, Piette AM, Morinet F, Bletry O (2002) Spontaneous resolution of hemophagocytic syndrome associated with acute parvovirus B19 infection and concomitant Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in an otherwise healthy adult. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21(10):739\u2013742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-002-0793-2 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"4604_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-022-10088-4","volume":"53","author":"M Ioannou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ioannou M, Zacharouli K, Doukas SG, Diamantidis MD, Tsangari V, Karakousis K, Koukoulis GK, Vageli DP (2022) Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis diagnosed by bone marrow trephine biopsy in living post-COVID-19 patients: case report and mini-review. J Mol Histol 53(4):753\u2013762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10735-022-10088-4 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"J Mol Histol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4604_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102824","volume":"20","author":"P Mertz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mertz P, Jeannel J, Guffroy A, Lescuyer S, Korganow AS, Rondeau-Lutz M, Weber JC (2021) Granulomatous manifestations associated with COVID19 infection: Is there a link between these two diseases? Autoimmun Rev 20(6):102824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102824 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"4604_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23911","volume":"90","author":"ZK Otrock","year":"2015","unstructured":"Otrock ZK, Eby CS (2015) Clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and outcomes of adult patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Am J Hematol 90(3):220\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajh.23911 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"17","key":"4604_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30826","volume":"123","author":"N Daver","year":"2017","unstructured":"Daver N, McClain K, Allen CE, Parikh SA, Otrock Z, Rojas-Hernandez C, Blechacz B, Wang S, Minkov M, Jordan MB et al (2017) A consensus review on malignancy-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults. Cancer 123(17):3229\u20133240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.30826 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"4604_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2010.551153","volume":"52","author":"M Machaczka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Machaczka M, Vaktnas J, Klimkowska M, Hagglund H (2011) Malignancy-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults: a retrospective population-based analysis from a single center. Leuk Lymphoma 52(4):613\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10428194.2010.551153 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"issue":"1","key":"4604_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000735","volume":"41","author":"A Nicolae","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nicolae A, Ganapathi KA, Pham TH, Xi L, Torres-Cabala CA, Nanaji NM, Zha HD, Fan Z, Irwin S, Pittaluga S et al (2017) EBV-negative Aggressive NK-cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma: Clinical, Pathologic, and Genetic Features. Am J Surg Pathol 41(1):67\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000735 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4604_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2012.02251.x","volume":"103","author":"F Ishida","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ishida F, Ko YH, Kim WS, Suzumiya J, Isobe Y, Oshimi K, Nakamura S, Suzuki R (2012) Aggressive natural killer cell leukemia: therapeutic potential of L-asparaginase and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer Sci 103(6):1079\u20131083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2012.02251.x From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"4604_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023011733","volume":"8","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Sardana R, Nemirovsky D, Frosina D, Jungbluth A, Johnson WT, Vardhana S, Arcila M, Horwitz SM, Derkach A et al (2024) Somatic mutations in FAS pathway increase hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis risk in patients with T- and\/or NK-cell lymphoma. Blood Adv 8(12):3064\u20133075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023011733 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"4604_CR32","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumours: Haematolymphoid Tumours (2022) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)"},{"issue":"15","key":"4604_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-04-737445","volume":"132","author":"M Ponzoni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ponzoni M, Campo E, Nakamura S (2018) Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma: a chameleon with multiple faces and many masks. Blood 132(15):1561\u20131567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2017-04-737445 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"4604_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19232","volume":"204","author":"Y Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song Y, Zhou F, Li X, Du F, Wang Z, Bai L, Yao Y, Liu L, Ma X, Chen S et al (2024) Myelodysplastic syndrome associated-haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: A retrospective study of 15 cases in a single centre. Br J Haematol 204(3):1096\u20131099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjh.19232 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4604_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.14068","volume":"112","author":"CCS Yeung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yeung CCS, Woolston DW, Wu V, Voutsinas JM, Basom R, Davis C, Hirayama AV, Naresh KN (2024) Abnormal bone marrow findings in patients following treatment with chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy. Eur J Haematol 112(1):111\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejh.14068 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4604_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022015851","volume":"140","author":"E Campo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Campo E, Jaffe ES, Cook JR, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Swerdlow SH, Anderson KC, Brousset P, Cerroni L, de Leval L, Dirnhofer S et al (2022) The International Consensus Classification of Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms: a report from the Clinical Advisory Committee. Blood 140(11):1229\u20131253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2022015851 From NLM","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"4604_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hines MR, Knight TE, McNerney KO, Leick MB, Jain T, Ahmed S, Frigault MJ, Hill JA, Jain MD, Johnson WT et al (2023) Immune Effector Cell-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis-Like Syndrome. Transplant Cell Ther 29(7):438e431\u2013438e416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtct.2023.03.006 From NLM Medline","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2023.03.006"},{"issue":"2","key":"4604_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1464","volume":"13","author":"P Rajapakse","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rajapakse P, Andanamala H (2022) Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Secondary to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy. World J Oncol 13(2):49\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14740\/wjon1464 From NLM PubMed-not-MEDLINE","journal-title":"World J Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4604_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2021.1889111","volume":"26","author":"T Kondo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kondo T, Onozawa M, Fujisawa S, Harada S, Ogasawara R, Izumiyama K, Saito M, Morioka M, Mori A, Teshima T (2021) Myelomonocytic differentiation of leukemic blasts accompanied by differentiation syndrome in a case of FLT3-ITD-positive AML treated with gilteritinib. Hematology 26(1):256\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16078454.2021.1889111 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"issue":"10","key":"4604_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018029496","volume":"3","author":"CM McMahon","year":"2019","unstructured":"McMahon CM, Canaani J, Rea B, Sargent RL, Qualtieri JN, Watt CD, Morrissette JJD, Carroll M, Perl AE (2019) Gilteritinib induces differentiation in relapsed and refractory FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Adv 3(10):1581\u20131585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018029496 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"13","key":"4604_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022009212","volume":"7","author":"MB Geyer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geyer MB, Shaffer BC, Bhatnagar B, Mims AS, Klein V, Dilip D, Glass JL, Lozanski G, Hassoun H, Landau H et al (2023) Lenalidomide-associated B-cell ALL: clinical and pathologic correlates and sensitivity to lenalidomide withdrawal. Blood Adv 7(13):3087\u20133098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022009212 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"4","key":"4604_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000000763","volume":"30","author":"DJ Hermel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hermel DJ, Nael A, Lu YT, Kim J, Brynes RK, Vergara-Lluri M, Akhtari M (2019) Gelatinous bone marrow transformation and emergence of clonal Philadelphia-negative cytogenetic abnormalities with excess blasts in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with dasatinib. Anticancer Drugs 30(4):416\u2013421 1097\/CAD.0000000000000763 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"issue":"7","key":"4604_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2009.32","volume":"19","author":"E Bi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bi E, Huang C, Hu Y, Wu X, Deng W, Lin G, Liu Z, Tian L, Sun S, Mao K et al (2009) Novel function of perforin in negatively regulating CD4(+) T cell activation by affecting calcium signaling. Cell Res 19(7):816\u2013827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cr.2009.32 From NLM Medline","journal-title":"Cell Res"}],"container-title":["Virchows Archiv"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00428-026-04604-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00428-026-04604-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00428-026-04604-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T02:37:08Z","timestamp":1782182228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00428-026-04604-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["4604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-026-04604-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0945-6317","1432-2307"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0945-6317","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2307","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"No conflicts of interest are declared by the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}