{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:26:02Z","timestamp":1789680362513,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,26]],"date-time":"2013-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369526400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Struct Funct"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-013-0579-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,25]],"date-time":"2013-05-25T11:10:08Z","timestamp":1369480208000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Divergent motor projections from the pedunculopontine nucleus are differentially regulated in Parkinsonism"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Martinez-Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"van Andel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Paul","family":"Bolam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Mena-Segovia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"579_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-008-0174-4","volume":"213","author":"HL Alderson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alderson HL, Latimer MP, Winn P (2008) A functional dissociation of the anterior and posterior pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: excitotoxic lesions have differential effects on locomotion and the response to nicotine. Brain Struct Funct 213(1\u20132):247\u2013253","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"2","key":"579_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.05.023","volume":"213","author":"BR Aravamuthan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aravamuthan BR, Bergstrom DA, French RA, Taylor JJ, Parr-Brownlie LC, Walters JR (2008) Altered neuronal activity relationships between the pedunculopontine nucleus and motor cortex in a rodent model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Exp Neurol 213(2):268\u2013280","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"579_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-011-0317-x","volume":"216","author":"P Barroso-Chinea","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barroso-Chinea P, Rico AJ, Conte-Perales L, Gomez-Bautista V, Luquin N, Sierra S, Roda E, Lanciego JL (2011) Glutamatergic and cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons innervate the thalamic parafascicular nucleus in rats: changes following experimental parkinsonism. Brain Struct Funct 216(4):319\u2013330","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"4","key":"579_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(96)00136-2","volume":"31","author":"AM Beckmann","year":"1997","unstructured":"Beckmann AM, Wilce PA (1997) Egr transcription factors in the nervous system. Neurochem Int 31(4):477\u2013510","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"579_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7105","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07105.1995","volume":"15","author":"MD Bevan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bevan MD, Bolam JP (1995) Cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamate-enriched inputs from the mesopontine tegmentum to the subthalamic nucleus in the rat. J Neurosci 15(11):7105\u20137120","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"14","key":"579_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4664","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5502-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"S Boucetta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boucetta S, Jones BE (2009) Activity profiles of cholinergic and intermingled GABAergic and putative glutamatergic neurons in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum of urethane-anesthetized rats. J Neurosci 29(14):4664\u20134674","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"579_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01800.x","volume":"14","author":"S Breit","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breit S, Bouali-Benazzouz R, Benabid AL, Benazzouz A (2001) Unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway induces an increase of neuronal activity of the pedunculopontine nucleus, which is reversed by the lesion of the subthalamic nucleus in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 14(11):1833\u20131842","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"579_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.6.2671","volume":"94","author":"A Chaudhuri","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chaudhuri A, Nissanov J, Larocque S, Rioux L (1997) Dual activity maps in primate visual cortex produced by different temporal patterns of zif268 mRNA and protein expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94(6):2671\u20132675","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"579_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902170207","volume":"217","author":"SM Edley","year":"1983","unstructured":"Edley SM, Graybiel AM (1983) The afferent and efferent connections of the feline nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus, pars compacta. J Comp Neurol 217(2):187\u2013215","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"579_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(86)90009-3","volume":"396","author":"E Garcia-Rill","year":"1986","unstructured":"Garcia-Rill E (1986) The basal ganglia and the locomotor regions. Brain Res 396(1):47\u201363","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"579_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01673262","volume":"184","author":"I Grofova","year":"1991","unstructured":"Grofova I, Keane S (1991) Descending brainstem projections of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the rat. Anat Embryol 184(3):275\u2013290","journal-title":"Anat Embryol"},{"issue":"10","key":"579_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0547-8","volume":"118","author":"C Hamani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamani C, Moro E, Lozano AM (2011) The pedunculopontine nucleus as a target for deep brain stimulation. J Neural Transm 118(10):1461\u20131468","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"issue":"1","key":"579_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(83)90045-3","volume":"9","author":"C Hammond","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hammond C, Rouzaire-Dubois B, Feger J, Jackson A, Crossman AR (1983) Anatomical and electrophysiological studies on the reciprocal projections between the subthalamic nucleus and nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus in the rat. Neuroscience 9(1):41\u201352","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"579_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07537.x","volume":"33","author":"T Kita","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kita T, Kita H (2011) Cholinergic and non-cholinergic mesopontine tegmental neurons projecting to the subthalamic nucleus in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 33(3):433\u2013443","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"579_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2196","volume":"8","author":"ML Kringelbach","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kringelbach ML, Jenkinson N, Owen SL, Aziz TZ (2007) Translational principles of deep brain stimulation. Nature Rev Neurosci 8(8):623\u2013635","journal-title":"Nature Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"579_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2011.00022","volume":"5","author":"C Martinez-Gonzalez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martinez-Gonzalez C, Bolam JP, Mena-Segovia J (2011) Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus. Front Neuroanat 5:22","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"issue":"5","key":"579_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08002.x","volume":"35","author":"C Martinez-Gonzalez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martinez-Gonzalez C, Wang HL, Micklem BR, Bolam JP, Mena-Segovia J (2012) Subpopulations of cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus contain calcium-binding proteins and are heterogeneously distributed. Eur J Neurosci 35(5):723\u2013734","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"579_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.07.009","volume":"27","author":"J Mena-Segovia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mena-Segovia J, Bolam JP, Magill PJ (2004) Pedunculopontine nucleus and basal ganglia: distant relatives or part of the same family? Trends Neurosci 27(10):585\u2013588","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"579_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.153874","volume":"586","author":"J Mena-Segovia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mena-Segovia J, Sims HM, Magill PJ, Bolam JP (2008) Cholinergic brainstem neurons modulate cortical gamma activity during slow oscillations. J Physiol 586(Pt 12):2947\u20132960","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"579_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22065","volume":"515","author":"J Mena-Segovia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mena-Segovia J, Micklem BR, Nair-Roberts RG, Ungless MA, Bolam JP (2009) GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus defines functional subterritories. J Comp Neurol 515(4):397\u2013408","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"579_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90792-5","volume":"451","author":"A Mitani","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mitani A, Ito K, Hallanger AE, Wainer BH, Kataoka K, McCarley RW (1988) Cholinergic projections from the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei to the pontine gigantocellular tegmental field in the cat. Brain Res 451(1\u20132):397\u2013402","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"579_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp261","volume":"133","author":"E Moro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moro E, Hamani C, Poon YY, Al-Khairallah T, Dostrovsky JO, Hutchison WD, Lozano AM (2010) Unilateral pedunculopontine stimulation improves falls in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 133(Pt 1):215\u2013224","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"579_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90566-1","volume":"103","author":"Y Nakamura","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nakamura Y, Tokuno H, Moriizumi T, Kitao Y, Kudo M (1989) Monosynaptic nigral inputs to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus neurons which send their axons to the medial reticular formation in the medulla oblongata. An electron microscopic study in the cat. Neurosci Lett 103(2):145\u2013150","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"579_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf259","volume":"125","author":"D Nandi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nandi D, Aziz TZ, Giladi N, Winter J, Stein JF (2002) Reversal of akinesia in experimental Parkinsonism by GABA antagonist microinjections in the pedunculopontine nucleus. Brain 125(Pt 11):2418\u20132430","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"579_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90728-3","volume":"196","author":"S Nomura","year":"1980","unstructured":"Nomura S, Mizuno N, Sugimoto T (1980) Direct projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus to the subthalamic nucleus in the cat. Brain Res 196(1):223\u2013227","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"579_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01343-5","volume":"22","author":"KJ O\u2019Donovan","year":"1999","unstructured":"O\u2019Donovan KJ, Tourtellotte WG, Millbrandt J, Baraban JM (1999) The EGR family of transcription-regulatory factors: progress at the interface of molecular and systems neuroscience. Trends Neurosci 22(4):167\u2013173","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"579_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00011-7","volume":"97","author":"G Orieux","year":"2000","unstructured":"Orieux G, Francois C, Feger J, Yelnik J, Vila M, Ruberg M, Agid Y, Hirsch EC (2000) Metabolic activity of excitatory parafascicular and pedunculopontine inputs to the subthalamic nucleus in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neuroscience 97(1):79\u201388","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"579_CR28","volume-title":"The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates","author":"G Paxinos","year":"1986","unstructured":"Paxinos G, Watson C (1986) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"579_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.06.068","volume":"170","author":"H Ros","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ros H, Magill PJ, Moss J, Bolam JP, Mena-Segovia J (2010) Distinct types of non-cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons are differentially modulated during global brain states. Neuroscience 170(1):78\u201391","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"579_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902690302","volume":"269","author":"DB Rye","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rye DB, Lee HJ, Saper CB, Wainer BH (1988) Medullary and spinal efferents of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and adjacent mesopontine tegmentum in the rat. J Comp Neurol 269(3):315\u2013341","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"579_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0532-2","volume":"118","author":"E Scarnati","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scarnati E, Florio T, Capozzo A, Confalone G, Mazzone P (2011) The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: implications for a role in modulating spinal cord motoneuron excitability. J Neural Transm 118(10):1409\u20131421","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"issue":"3","key":"579_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(90)90058-C","volume":"38","author":"K Semba","year":"1990","unstructured":"Semba K, Reiner PB, Fibiger HC (1990) Single cholinergic mesopontine tegmental neurons project to both the pontine reticular formation and the thalamus in the rat. Neuroscience 38(3):643\u2013654","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"579_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199011000-00001","volume":"1","author":"RD Skinner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Skinner RD, Kinjo N, Henderson V, Garcia-Rill E (1990) Locomotor projections from the pedunculopontine nucleus to the spinal cord. NeuroReport 1(3\u20134):183\u2013186","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"1","key":"579_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.06.024","volume":"57","author":"K Takakusaki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takakusaki K (2008) Forebrain control of locomotor behaviors. Brain Res Rev 57(1):192\u2013198","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"579_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.12.016","volume":"124","author":"K Takakusaki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Takakusaki K, Habaguchi T, Saitoh K, Kohyama J (2004) Changes in the excitability of hindlimb motoneurons during muscular atonia induced by stimulating the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in cats. Neuroscience 124(2):467\u2013480","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"579_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws039","volume":"135","author":"W Thevathasan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thevathasan W, Cole MH, Graepel CL, Hyam JA, Jenkinson N, Brittain JS, Coyne TJ, Silburn PA, Aziz TZ, Kerr G, Brown P (2012) A spatiotemporal analysis of gait freezing and the impact of pedunculopontine nucleus stimulation. Brain 135(Pt 5):1446\u20131454","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"579_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06576.x","volume":"29","author":"HL Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang HL, Morales M (2009) Pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei contain distinct populations of cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 29(2):340\u2013358","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"579_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.213462","volume":"82","author":"RA Wilcox","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilcox RA, Cole MH, Wong D, Coyne T, Silburn P, Kerr G (2011) Pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation produces sustained improvement in primary progressive freezing of gait. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 82(11):1256\u20131259","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Brain Structure and Function"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00429-013-0579-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-013-0579-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-013-0579-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]],"date-time":"2019-07-14T04:34:05Z","timestamp":1563078845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00429-013-0579-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,26]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-013-0579-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2653","1863-2661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2653","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,26]]}}}