{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:04:06Z","timestamp":1790697846561,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]],"date-time":"2017-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511136000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Struct Funct"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1570-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,19]],"date-time":"2017-11-19T22:06:02Z","timestamp":1511129162000},"page":"17-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Neuroanatomical background and functional considerations for stereotactic interventions in the H fields of Forel"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"223","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3153-1045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens","family":"Neudorfer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Maarouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1570_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq380","volume":"134","author":"L Ackermans","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ackermans L, Duits A, Van Der Linden C et al (2011) Double-blind clinical trial of thalamic stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome. Brain 134:832\u2013844. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awq380","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1570_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902220106","volume":"222","author":"JP Aggleton","year":"1984","unstructured":"Aggleton JP, Mishkin M (1984) Projections of the amygdala to the thalamus in the cynomolgus monkey. J Comp Neurol 222:56\u201368. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.902220106","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X","volume":"12","author":"RL Albin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Albin RL, Young AB, Penney JB (1989) The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci 12:366\u2013375. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1570_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90107-L","volume":"13","author":"GE Alexander","year":"1990","unstructured":"Alexander GE, Crutcher MD (1990) Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends Neurosci 13:266\u2013271","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1570_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041","volume":"9","author":"GE Alexander","year":"1986","unstructured":"Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL (1986) Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 9:357\u2013381. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1570_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7278","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200101)16:1<72::AID-MDS1019>3.0.CO;2-6","volume":"16","author":"L Alvarez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alvarez L, Macias R, Guridi J et al (2001) Dorsal subthalamotomy for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 16:72\u201378. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1531-8257(200101)16:1<72::AID-MDS1019>3.0.CO;2-6","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1570_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh397","volume":"128","author":"L Alvarez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alvarez L, Macias R, Lopez G et al (2005) Bilateral subthalamotomy in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Initial and long-term response. Brain 128:570\u2013583. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awh397","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1570_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1963.20.10.0860","volume":"20","author":"O Andy","year":"1963","unstructured":"Andy O, Jurko M, Sias F (1963) Subthalamotomy in treatment of parkinsonian tremor. J Neurosurg 20:860\u2013870. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1963.20.10.0860","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR9","first-page":"39","volume":"47","author":"U Asam","year":"1981","unstructured":"Asam U, Karrass W (1981) Gilles de la Tourette-Syndrom und Psychochirurgie. Acta Paedopsychiatr 47:39\u201348","journal-title":"Acta Paedopsychiatr"},{"key":"1570_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(83)90015-2","volume":"5","author":"C Asanuma","year":"1983","unstructured":"Asanuma C, Thach WT, Jones EG (1983) Distribution of cerebellar terminations and their relation to other afferent terminations in the ventral lateral thalamic region of the monkey. Brain Res Rev 5:237\u2013265. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-0173(83)90015-2","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"1570_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870060404","volume":"6","author":"TZ Aziz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Aziz TZ, Peggs D, Sambrook MA, Crossman AR (1991) Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus for the alleviation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism in the primate. Mov Disord 6:288\u2013292. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.870060404","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1570_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699209002375","volume":"6","author":"TZ Aziz","year":"1992","unstructured":"Aziz TZ, Peggs D, Agarwal E et al (1992) Subthalamic nucleotomy alleviates parkinsonism in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-exposed primate. Br J Neurosurg 6:575\u2013582. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02688699209002375","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.5.666","volume":"70","author":"TB Babel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Babel TB (2001) Immediate and long term outcome after infrathalamic and thalamic lesioning for intractable Tourette\u2019s syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70:666\u2013671. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.70.5.666","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1570_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.11.005","volume":"9","author":"JC Baldermann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baldermann JC, Sch\u00fcller T, Huys D et al (2015) Deep Brain Stimulation for Tourette-Syndrome: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Stimul 9:296\u2013304. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2015.11.005","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1570_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.04.005","volume":"230","author":"MT Barbe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barbe MT, Liebhart L, Runge M et al (2011) Deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus in patients with essential tremor: Stimulation below intercommissural line is more efficient but equally effective as stimulation above. Exp Neurol 230:131\u2013137. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.04.005","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490501","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20010115)429:3<490::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-K","volume":"429","author":"MS Baron","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baron MS, Sidib M, DeLong MR et al (2001) Course of motor and associative pallidothalamic projections in monkeys. J Comp Neurol 429:490\u2013501. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1096-9861(20010115)429:3<490::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-K","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.05.014","volume":"202","author":"MS Baron","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baron MS, Noonan JB, Mewes K (2006) Restricted ablative lesions in motor portions of GPi in primates produce extensive loss of motor-related neurons and degeneration of the lenticular fasciculus. Exp Neurol 202:67\u201375. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.05.014","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR18","first-page":"169","volume":"217","author":"W Beckers","year":"1973","unstructured":"Beckers W (1973) Zur Gilled de la Touretteschen Erkrankung anhand von f\u00fcnf eigenen Beobachtungen. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 217:169\u2013186","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr"},{"key":"1570_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2402638","volume":"249","author":"H Bergman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bergman H, Wichmann T, DeLong M (1990) Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. Science 249:1436\u20131438. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.2402638","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1570_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000345643.69486.BC","volume":"64","author":"P Blomstedt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blomstedt P, Sandvik U, Fytagoridis A, Tisch S (2009) The posterior subthalamic area in the treatment of movement disorders: Past, present, and future. Neurosurgery 64:1029\u20131038","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1570_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.05.024","volume":"18","author":"P Blomstedt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blomstedt P, Fytagoridis A, \u00c5str\u00f6m M et al (2012) Unilateral caudal zona incerta deep brain stimulation for Parkinsonian tremor. Park Relat Disord 18:1062\u20131066. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.05.024","journal-title":"Park Relat Disord"},{"key":"1570_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1482-7-11","author":"C Buhmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buhmann C, Moll CKE, Zittel S et al (2013) Deep brain stimulation of the ventrolateral thalamic base and posterior subthalamic area in dystonic head tremor. Acta Neurochir Suppl. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-7091-1482-7-11","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"1570_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ons125-ons131","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318232fdac","volume":"70","author":"AM Burrows","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burrows AM, Ravin PD, Novak P et al (2012) Limbic and Motor Function Comparison of Deep Brain Stimulation of the Zona Incerta and Subthalamic Nucleus. Neurosurgery 70:ons125-ons131. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318232fdac","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1570_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1782-1","volume":"155","author":"F Caire","year":"2013","unstructured":"Caire F, Ranoux D, Guehl D et al (2013) A systematic review of studies on anatomical position of electrode contacts used for chronic subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 155:1647\u20131654","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"1570_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04020.x","volume":"21","author":"R Calzavara","year":"2005","unstructured":"Calzavara R, Zappal\u00e0 A, Rozzi S et al (2005) Neurochemical characterization of the cerebellar-recipient motor thalamic territory in the macaque monkey. Eur J Neurosci 21:1869\u20131894. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04020.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"1570_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(68)90145-5","volume":"11","author":"MB Carpenter","year":"1968","unstructured":"Carpenter MB, Fraser RA, Shriver JE (1968) The organization of pallidosubthalamic fibers in the monkey. Brain Res 11:522\u2013559","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"1570_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000316001.03765.e8","volume":"62","author":"JD Carrillo-Ruiz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carrillo-Ruiz JD, Velasco F, Jim\u00e8nez F et al (2008) Bilateral electrical stimulation of prelemniscal radiations in the treatment of advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosurgery 62:347\u2013357. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.neu.0000316001.03765.e8","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1570_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10286","volume":"17","author":"C-C Chen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chen C-C, Lee S-T, Wu T et al (2002) Hemiballism after subthalamotomy in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: report of 2 cases. Mov Disord 17:1367\u20131371. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.10286","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1570_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90109-N","volume":"13","author":"G Chevalier","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chevalier G, Deniau JM (1990) Disinhibition as a basic process in the expression of striatal functions. Trends Neurosci 13:277\u2013280","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1570_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1958.15.3.0244","volume":"15","author":"I Cooper","year":"1958","unstructured":"Cooper I, Bravo G (1958) Chemopallidectomy and chemothalamectomy. J Neurosurg 15:244\u2013250. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1958.15.3.0244","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00094.2011","volume":"106","author":"AV Cruz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cruz AV, Mallet N, Magill PJ et al (2011) Effects of dopamine depletion on information flow between the subthalamic nucleus and external globus pallidus. J Neurosci 106:2012\u20132023. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00094.2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1570_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23195","volume":"25","author":"E Della Flora","year":"2010","unstructured":"Della Flora E, Perera CL, Cameron AL, Maddern GJ (2010) Deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: A systematic review. Mov Disord 25:1550\u20131559","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1570_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90110-V","volume":"13","author":"MR DeLong","year":"1990","unstructured":"DeLong MR (1990) Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends Neurosci 13:281\u2013285","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1570_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238104","volume":"46","author":"JL DeVito","year":"1982","unstructured":"DeVito JL, Anderson ME (1982) An autoradiographic study of efferent connections of the globus pallidus in Macaca mulatta. Exp Brain Res 46:107\u2013117","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"1570_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10237","volume":"17","author":"P Doshi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Doshi P, Bhatt M (2002) Hemiballism during subthalamic nucleus lesioning. Mov Disord 17:848\u2013849. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.10237","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1570_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1968.28.2.0145","volume":"28","author":"CA Fager","year":"1968","unstructured":"Fager CA (1968) Evaluation of thalamic and subthalamic surgical lesions in the alleviation of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurosurg 28:145\u2013149. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1968.28.2.0145","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR38","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Central Nervous System, 1st editio","author":"P Fiala","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fiala P, Valenta J (2012) Diencephalon. In: Valenta J, Fiala P (eds) Central Nervous System, 1st editio. Karolinum Press, Prague, pp\u00a039\u201348"},{"key":"1570_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02041873","volume":"7","author":"A Forel","year":"1877","unstructured":"Forel A (1877) Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Haubenregion und ihre oberen Verkn\u00fcpfungen im Gehirne des Menschen und einiger S\u00e4ugethiere, mit Beitr\u00e4gen zu den Methoden der Gehirnuntersuchung. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 7:393\u2013495. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02041873","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr"},{"key":"1570_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90259-8","volume":"13","author":"C Francois","year":"1984","unstructured":"Francois C, Percheron G, Yelnik J (1984) Localization of nigrostriatal, nigrothalamic and nigrotectal neurons in ventricular coordinates in macaques. Neuroscience 13:61\u201376. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90259-8","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1570_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10227","volume":"447","author":"C Fran\u00e7ois","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois C, Tande D, Yelnik J, Hirsch EC (2002) Distribution and morphology of nigral axons projecting to the thalamus in primates. J Comp Neurol 447:249\u2013260. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.10227","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238179","volume":"53","author":"HJ Freund","year":"1984","unstructured":"Freund HJ, Hummelsheim H (1984) Premotor cortex in man: Evidence for innervation of proximal limb muscles. Exp Brain Res 53:479\u2013482. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00238179","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"1570_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-007-0170-0","volume":"212","author":"MN Gallay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gallay MN, Jeanmonod D, Liu J, Morel A (2008) Human pallidothalamic and cerebellothalamic tracts: Anatomical basis for functional stereotactic neurosurgery. Brain Struct Funct 212:443\u2013463. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-007-0170-0","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"1570_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1159\/000062060","volume-title":"Movement disorder surgery","author":"SS Gill","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gill SS, Heywood P (2000) Subthalamic nucleus lesions. In: Lozano A (ed) Movement disorder surgery. Karger, Basel, pp\u00a0188\u2013195"},{"key":"1570_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0222-z","volume":"253","author":"F Godinho","year":"2006","unstructured":"Godinho F, Thobois S, Magnin M et al (2006) Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: anatomical and electrophysiological localization of active contacts. J Neurol 253:1347\u20131355. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-006-0222-z","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR46","first-page":"53","volume":"72","author":"I Grofov\u00e1","year":"1969","unstructured":"Grofov\u00e1 I (1969) Experimental demonstration of a topical arrangement of the pallidosubthalamic fibers in the cat. Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir 72:53\u201359","journal-title":"Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir"},{"key":"1570_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.1.5","volume":"124","author":"J Guridi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Guridi J, Obeso JA (2001) The subthalamic nucleus, hemiballismus and Parkinson\u2019s disease: reappraisal of a neurosurgical dogma. Brain 124:5\u201319. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/124.1.5","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1570_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902350304","volume":"235","author":"SN Haber","year":"1985","unstructured":"Haber SN, Groenewegen HJ, Grove EA, Nauta WJH (1985) Efferent connections of the ventral pallidum: Evidence of a dual striato pallidofugal pathway. J Comp Neurol 235:322\u2013335. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.902350304","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.3410\/f.1016369.200516","volume":"20","author":"SN Haber","year":"2000","unstructured":"Haber SN, Fudge JL, McFarland NR (2000) Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum. J Neurosci 20:2369\u20132382. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3410\/f.1016369.200516","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1570_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh029","volume":"127","author":"C Hamani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hamani C, Saint-Cyr JA, Fraser J et al (2004) The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders. Brain 127:4\u201320","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1570_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.8.1036","volume":"74","author":"W Hamel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hamel W, Fietzek U, Morsnowski a et al (2003) Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson\u2019s disease: evaluation of active electrode contacts. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74:1036\u20131046. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.74.8.1036","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1570_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000103408","volume":"32","author":"R Hassler","year":"1970","unstructured":"Hassler R, Dieckmann G (1970a) Stereotactic treatment of different kinds of spasmodic torticollis. Confin Neurol 32:135\u2013143","journal-title":"Confin Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR53","first-page":"89","volume":"123","author":"R Hassler","year":"1970","unstructured":"Hassler R, Dieckmann G (1970b) [Stereotaxic treatment of tics and inarticulate cries or coprolalia considered as motor obsessional phenomena in Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s disease]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 123:89\u2013100","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"1570_CR54","first-page":"20612","volume-title":"Surgical approaches in psychiatry. Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Psychosurgery","author":"R Hassler","year":"1973","unstructured":"Hassler R, Dieckmann G (1973) Relief of obsessive-compulsive disorders, phobias and tics by stereotactic coagulations of the rostral intralaminar and medial-thalamic nuclei. In: Laitinen L, Livingston K (eds) Surgical approaches in psychiatry. Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Psychosurgery. Garden City Press, Cambridge, pp\u00a0206\u201312"},{"key":"1570_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00342860","volume":"192","author":"R Hassler","year":"1954","unstructured":"Hassler R, Hess WR (1954) Experimentelle und anatomische Befunde \u00fcber die Drehbewegungen und ihre nerv\u00f6sen Apparate. Arch f\u00fcr Psychiatr und Nervenkrankheiten Ver mit Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die Gesamte. Neurol Psychiatr 192:488\u2013526. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00342860","journal-title":"Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"1570_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20056","volume":"19","author":"J Herzog","year":"2004","unstructured":"Herzog J, Fietzek U, Hamel W et al (2004) Most effective stimulation site in subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 19:1050\u20131054. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.20056","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1570_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm077","volume":"130","author":"J Herzog","year":"2007","unstructured":"Herzog J, Hamel W, Wenzelburger R et al (2007) Kinematic analysis of thalamic versus subthalamic neurostimulation in postural and intention tremor. Brain 130:1608\u20131625. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awm077","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1570_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.9.1281","volume":"64","author":"J-L Houeto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Houeto J-L, Yelnik J, Bardinet E et al (2007) Acute deep-brain stimulation of the internal and external globus pallidus in primary dystonia: functional mapping of the pallidum. Arch Neurol 64:1281\u20131286. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.64.9.1281","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR59","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of parkinsonism","author":"E Housepian","year":"1958","unstructured":"Housepian E, Pool J (1958) An evaluation of pallidoansal surgery. In: Fields W (ed) Pathogenesis and treatment of parkinsonism. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, pp\u00a0317\u2013324"},{"key":"1570_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.05.014","author":"D Huys","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huys D, Bartsch C, Koester P et al (2014) Motor improvement and emotional stabilization in patients with Tourette syndrome after deep brain stimulation of the ventral anterior and ventrolateral motor part of the thalamus. Biol Psychiatry. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.05.014","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1570_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902620303","volume":"262","author":"IA Ilinsky","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ilinsky IA, Kultas-Ilinsky K (1987) Sagittal cytoarchitectonic maps of the Macaca mulatta thalamus with a revised nomenclature of the motor-related nuclei validated by observations on their connectivity. J Comp Neurol 262:331\u2013364. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.902620303","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903530309","volume":"353","author":"M Inase","year":"1995","unstructured":"Inase M, Tanji J (1995) Thalamic distribution of projection neurons to the primary motor cortex relative to afferent terminal fields from the globus pallidus in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 353:415\u2013426. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.903530309","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR63","first-page":"77","volume":"71","author":"S Iukharev","year":"1976","unstructured":"Iukharev S (1976) [Individual anatomic variability of Forel\u2019s field H]. Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol 71:77\u201381","journal-title":"Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol"},{"key":"1570_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2009.45.5.303","volume":"45","author":"SG Jeong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jeong SG, Lee MK, Lee WH, Ghang CG (2009) Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic area for dystonic tremor. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 45:303\u2013305. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3340\/jkns.2009.45.5.303","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"1570_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000103943","volume":"27","author":"D Jinnai","year":"1966","unstructured":"Jinnai D (1966) Clinical results and the significance of Forel-H-tomy in the treatment of epilepsy. Confin Neurol 27:129\u2013136","journal-title":"Confin Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1095439","volume":"6","author":"D Jinnai","year":"1963","unstructured":"Jinnai D, Nishimoto A (1963) Stereotaxic destruction of Forel H for treatment of epilepsy. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 6:164\u2013176. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0028-1095439","journal-title":"Neurochirurgia (Stuttg)"},{"key":"1570_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jinnai D, Mukawa J, Kobayashi K (1976) Forel-H-tomy for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) (23 Suppl):159\u2013165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-8444-8_26"},{"key":"1570_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236848","volume":"63","author":"EG Jones","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jones EG, Schwark HD, Callahan PA (1986) Extent of the ipsilateral representation in the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the monkey thalamus. Exp Brain Res 63:310. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00236848","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"1570_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.10.JNS13332","volume":"120","author":"V Jourdain","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jourdain V, Schechtmann G, Di Paolo T (2014) Subthalamotomy in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical aspects and mechanisms of action. J Neurosurg 120:140\u2013151. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2013.10.JNS13332","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00008-3","volume":"14","author":"Z Kefalopoulou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kefalopoulou Z, Zrinzo L, Jahanshahi M et al (2015) Bilateral globus pallidus stimulation for severe Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a double-blind, randomised crossover trial. Lancet Neurol 14:595\u2013605. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00008-3","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901690302","volume":"169","author":"R Kim","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kim R, Nakano K, Jayaraman A, Carpenter MB (1976) Projections of the globus pallidus and adjacent structures: an autoradiographic study in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 169:263\u2013290. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.901690302","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.1.114","volume":"55","author":"M Kitagawa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kitagawa M, Murata J, Kikuchi S et al (2000) Deep brain stimulation of subthalamic area for severe proximal tremor. Neurology 55:114\u2013116. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.55.1.114","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1570_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000148167.49105.A3","volume":"56","author":"M Kitagawa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kitagawa M, Murata JI, Uesugi H et al (2005) Two-year follow-up of chronic stimulation of the posterior subthalamic white matter for tremor-dominant Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosurgery 56:281\u2013287. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000148167.49105.A3","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"1570_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10136","volume":"17","author":"P Krack","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krack P, Dostrovsky J, Ilinsky I et al (2002) Surgery of the motor thalamus: problems with the present nomenclatures. Mov Disord 17(Suppl 3):S2\u2013S8. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.10136","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1570_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901510302","volume":"151","author":"JS Kuo","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kuo JS, Carpenter MB (1973a) Organization of pallidothalamic projections in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 151:201\u2013236. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.901510302","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901510302","volume":"151","author":"JS Kuo","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kuo JS, Carpenter MB (1973b) Organization of pallidothalamic projections in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 151:201\u2013236. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.901510302","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.1.0053","volume":"76","author":"LV Laitinen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Laitinen LV, Bergenheim AT, Hariz MI (1992) Leksell\u2019s posteroventral pallidotomy in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurosurg 76:53\u201361. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1992.76.1.0053","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.1.53","volume":"72","author":"MM Lanotte","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lanotte MM, Rizzone M, Bergamasco B et al (2002) Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus: anatomical, neurophysiological, and outcome correlations with the effects of stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72:53\u201358","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1570_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.5.890","volume":"43","author":"JF Leckman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Leckman JF, de Lotbini\u00e8re AJ, Marek K et al (1993) Severe disturbances in speech, swallowing, and gait following stereotactic infrathalamic lesions in Gilles de la Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Neurology 43:890\u2013894. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.43.5.890","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1570_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.03.006","volume":"80","author":"RM Lehman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lehman RM, Augustine JR (2013) Evolution and rebirth of functional stereotaxy in the subthalamus. World Neurosurg 80:521\u2013533. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.03.006","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1017\/S1472928801000024","volume":"1","author":"M Magnin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Magnin M, Jeanmonod D, Morel A, Siegemund M (2006) Surgical control of the human thalamocortical dysrhythmia: II. Pallidothalamic tractotomy in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Thalamus Relat Syst 1:81. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1472928801000024","journal-title":"Thalamus Relat Syst"},{"key":"1570_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X12437708","volume":"144","author":"B Malcom","year":"1972","unstructured":"Malcom B. Carpenter, Peter P (1972) Nigrostriatal and Nigrothalamic Fibers in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neur 144:93\u2013116. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0192513X12437708","journal-title":"J Comp Neur"},{"key":"1570_CR83","first-page":"24.25","volume-title":"Marsden\u2019s book of movement disorders","author":"CD Marsden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marsden CD, Donaldson I (2012) Structure and function of the basal ganglia. In: Marsden\u2019s book of movement disorders. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p\u00a024.25"},{"key":"1570_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01220-0","volume":"2","author":"FA Middleton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Middleton FA, Strick PL (1998) Cerebellar output: motor and cognitive channels. Trends Cogn Sci 2:348\u2013354. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01220-0","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1570_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(96)00042-1","volume":"50","author":"JW Mink","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mink JW (1996) The basal ganglia: focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs. Prog Neurobiol 50:381\u2013425","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"1570_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/9781420016796","volume-title":"Stereotactic atlas of the human thalamus and basal ganglia","author":"A Morel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morel A (2007) Stereotactic atlas of the human thalamus and basal ganglia. Informa Healthcare, New York"},{"key":"1570_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000289354","volume":"88","author":"T Morishita","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morishita T, Foote KD, Haq IU et al (2010) Should we consider vim thalamic deep brain stimulation for select cases of severe refractory dystonic tremor. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 88:98\u2013104. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000289354","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR88","first-page":"1982","volume":"72","author":"F Mundinger","year":"1977","unstructured":"Mundinger F (1977) [New stereotactic treatment of spasmodic torticollis with a brain stimulation system (author\u2019s transl)]. Med Klin 72:1982\u20131986","journal-title":"Med Klin"},{"key":"1570_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.99.4.0708","volume":"99","author":"J Murata","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murata J, Kitagawa M, Uesugi H et al (2003) Electrical stimulation of the posterior subthalamic area for the treatment of intractable proximal tremor. J Neurosurg 99:708\u2013715. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2003.99.4.0708","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-73971-6_10","volume-title":"Duvernoy\u2019s atlas of the human brain stem and cerebellum","author":"TP Naidich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Naidich TP, Duvernoy HM, Delman BN et al (2009) Magnetic resonance microscopy AT9.4 T. In: Duvernoy\u2019s atlas of the human brain stem and cerebellum. Springer Vienna, Vienna, pp\u00a0247\u2013414"},{"key":"1570_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(03)43043-4","volume":"143","author":"A Nambu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nambu A (2004) A new dynamic model of the cortico-basal ganglia loop. Prog Brain Res 143:461\u2013466","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"1570_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-0102(02)00027-5","volume":"43","author":"A Nambu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nambu A, Tokuno H, Takada M (2002) Functional significance of the cortico-subthalamo-pallidal \u201chyperdirect\u201d pathway. Neurosci Res 43:111\u2013117","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"1570_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1956.02330190052003","volume":"75","author":"H Narabayashi","year":"1956","unstructured":"Narabayashi H, Okuma T, Shikiba S (1956) Procaine oil blocking of the globus pallidus. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 75:36\u201348","journal-title":"AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1570_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901800102","volume":"180","author":"HJ Nauta","year":"1978","unstructured":"Nauta HJ, Cole M (1978) Efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus: an autoradiographic study in monkey and cat. J Comp Neurol 180:1\u201316. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.901800102","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(66)90103-X","volume":"1","author":"WJ Nauta","year":"1966","unstructured":"Nauta WJ, Mehler WR (1966) Projections of the lentiform nucleus in the monkey. Brain Res 1:3\u201342. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-8993(66)90103-X","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"1570_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69960-6_104","volume-title":"Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, 2nd editio","author":"JM Nazzaro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nazzaro JM, Lyons KE, Pahwa R (2009) Management of Essential Tremor. In: Lozano AM, Gildenberg PL, Tasker RR (eds) Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, 2nd editio. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp\u00a01743\u20131755"},{"key":"1570_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00308","volume":"11","author":"C Neudorfer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neudorfer C, El Majdoub F, Hunsche S et al (2017) Deep brain stimulation of the H fields of Forel alleviates tics in Tourette syndrome. Front Hum Neurosci 11:308. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00308","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1570_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-34686-9_9","volume-title":"The human central Nervous System a synopsis and atlas","author":"R Nieuwenhuys","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuys R, Voogd J, Huijzen C (eds) (2008) Diencephalon: ventral thalamus or subthalamus. In: The human central Nervous System a synopsis and atlas, 4th edn. Springer, Berlin; Heidleberg, pp 281\u2013286","edition":"4"},{"key":"1570_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2011.00039","volume":"5","author":"JA Obeso","year":"2011","unstructured":"Obeso JA, Lanciego JL (2011) Past, present, and future of the pathophysiological model of the basal ganglia. Front Neuroanat 5:1\u20136. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnana.2011.00039","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"1570_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.07.004","volume":"202","author":"JA Obeso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Javier Blesa F, Guridi J (2006) The globus pallidus pars externa and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ready for prime time? Exp Neurol 202:1\u20137. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.07.004","journal-title":"Ready for prime time? Exp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90802-2","volume":"245","author":"A Parent","year":"1982","unstructured":"Parent A, De Bellefeuille L (1982) Organization of efferent projections from the internal segment of globus pallidus in primate as revealed by fluorescence retrograde labeling method. Brain Res 245:201\u2013213","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"1570_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.02.007","volume":"10","author":"M Parent","year":"2004","unstructured":"Parent M, Parent A (2004) The pallidofugal motor fiber system in primates. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 10:203\u2013211. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.02.007","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"1570_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000062044","volume-title":"Movement disorder surgery","author":"A Parent","year":"2000","unstructured":"Parent A, Cossette M, L\u00e9vesque M (2000) Anatomical considerations in basal ganglia surgery. In: Lozano AM (ed) Movement disorder surgery. Karger, Basel, pp\u00a021\u201330"},{"key":"1570_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1340","volume":"439","author":"M Parent","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parent M, Lvesque M, Parent A (2001) Two types of projection neurons in the internal pallidum of primates: single-axon tracing and three-dimensional reconstruction. J Comp Neurol 439:162\u2013175. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.1340","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg111","volume":"126","author":"NK Patel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Patel NK, Heywood P, O\u2019Sullivan K et al (2003) Unilateral subthalamotomy in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 126:1136\u20131145. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awg111","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1570_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25884","volume":"29","author":"KAM Pauls","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pauls KAM, Hammesfahr S, Moro E et al (2014) Deep brain stimulation in the ventrolateral thalamus\/subthalamic area in dystonia with head tremor. Mov Disord 29:953\u2013959. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.25884","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"1570_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1159\/000100588","volume":"60","author":"G Percheron","year":"1993","unstructured":"Percheron G, Francois C, Talbi B et al (1993) The primate motor thalamus analysed with reference to subcortical afferent territories. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 60:32\u201341. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000100588","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19134-3_5","volume-title":"Clinical neuroanatomy","author":"P Petrovick\u00fd","year":"2011","unstructured":"Petrovick\u00fd P, N\u011bmcov\u00e1 V, ten Donkelaar HJ et al (2011) The reticular formation and some related nuclei. In: Clinical neuroanatomy. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, pp\u00a0211\u2013247"},{"key":"1570_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.1.0048","volume":"101","author":"P Plaha","year":"2004","unstructured":"Plaha P, Patel NK, Gill SS (2004) Stimulation of the subthalamic region for essential tremor. J Neurosurg 101:48\u201354. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2004.101.1.0048","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl127","volume":"129","author":"P Plaha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Plaha P, Ben-Shlomo Y, Patel NK, Gill SS (2006) Stimulation of the caudal zona incerta is superior to stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in improving contralateral parkinsonism. Brain 129:1732\u20131747. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awl127","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1570_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.112334","volume":"79","author":"P Plaha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Plaha P, Khan S, Gill SS (2008) Bilateral stimulation of the caudal zona incerta nucleus for tremor control. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:504\u2013513. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2006.112334","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1570_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2007.106.1.36","volume":"106","author":"C Pollo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pollo C, Vingerhoets F, Pralong E et al (2007) Localization of electrodes in the subthalamic nucleus on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 106:36\u201344. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2007.106.1.36","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(95)90109-4","volume":"36","author":"SL Rauch","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rauch SL, Baer L, Rees Cosgrove G, Jenike MA (1995) Neurosurgical treatment of tourette\u2019s syndrome: a critical review. Compr Psychiatry 36:141\u2013156. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0010-440X(95)90109-4","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1570_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-027310-2.50007-4","volume":"10","author":"JA Ricardo","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ricardo JA (1983) Hypothalamic pathways involved in metabolic regulatory functions, as identified by track-tracing methods. Adv Metab Disord 10:1\u201330","journal-title":"Adv Metab Disord"},{"key":"1570_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.05.004","volume":"39","author":"AJ Rico","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rico AJ, Barroso-Chinea P, Conte-Perales L et al (2010) A direct projection from the subthalamic nucleus to the ventral thalamus in monkeys. Neurobiol Dis 39:381\u2013392. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2010.05.004","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"1570_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903450204","volume":"345","author":"EM Rouiller","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rouiller EM, Liang F, Babalian A et al (1994) Cerebellothalamocortical and pallidothalamocortical projections to the primary and supplementary motor cortical areas: a multiple tracing study in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 345:185\u2013213. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.903450204","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903300204","volume":"330","author":"ST Sakai","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sakai ST, Patton K (1993) Distribution of cerebellothalamic and nigrothalamic projections in the dog: a double anterograde tracing study. J Comp Neurol 330:183\u2013194. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.903300204","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19960429)368:2<215::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-6","volume":"368","author":"ST Sakai","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sakai ST, Inase M, Tanji J (1996) Comparison of cerebellothalamic and pallidothalamic projections in the monkey (Macaca fuscata): a double anterograde labeling study. J Comp Neurol 368:215\u2013228. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19960429)368:2<215::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-6","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(20000207)417:2<164::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-6","volume":"417","author":"ST Sakai","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sakai ST, Stepniewska I, Qi HX, Kaas JH (2000) Pallidal and cerebellar afferents to pre-supplementary motor area thalamocortical neurons in the owl monkey: a multiple labeling study. J Comp Neurol 417:164\u2013180","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(20000131)417:1<17::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-I","volume":"417","author":"F Sato","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sato F, Lavall\u00e9e P, L\u00e9vesque M, Parent A (2000) Single-axon tracing study of neurons of the external segment of the globus pallidus in primate. J Comp Neurol 417:17\u201331","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.104067","volume":"79","author":"D Servello","year":"2008","unstructured":"Servello D, Porta M, Sassi M et al (2008) Deep brain stimulation in 18 patients with severe Gilles de la Tourette syndrome refractory to treatment: The surgery and stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:136\u2013142. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2006.104067","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1570_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348363","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970609)382:3<323::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-5","volume":"382","author":"E Shink","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shink E, Sidib\u00e9 M, Smith Y (1997) Efferent connections of the internal globus pallidus in the squirrel monkey: II. Topography and synaptic organization of pallidal efferents to the pedunculopontine nucleus. J Comp Neurol 382:348\u2013363. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970609)382:3<323::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-5","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323347","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970609)382:3<323::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-5","volume":"382","author":"M Sidib\u00e9","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sidib\u00e9 M, Bevan MD, Bolam JP, Smith Y (1997) Efferent connections of the internal globus pallidus in the squirrel monkey: I. Topography and synaptic organization of the pallidothalamic projection. J Comp Neurol 382:323\u2013347. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970609)382:3<323::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-5","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-1931(00)00023-9","volume":"23","author":"Y Smith","year":"2000","unstructured":"Smith Y, Kieval JZ (2000) Anatomy of the dopamine system in the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci 23:S28\u2013S33. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1471-1931(00)00023-9","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1570_CR125","first-page":"160","volume":"73","author":"E Spiegel","year":"1948","unstructured":"Spiegel E, Wycis HT (1948) Stereoencephalotomy. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 73:160\u2013163","journal-title":"Trans Am Neurol Assoc"},{"key":"1570_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1953.02320250007001","volume":"69","author":"E Spiegel","year":"1953","unstructured":"Spiegel E, Wycis H (1953) Ansotomy in paralysis agitans. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 69:652\u2013653","journal-title":"AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1570_CR127","first-page":"240","volume":"87","author":"E Spiegel","year":"1962","unstructured":"Spiegel E, Wycis H, Szekely E et al (1962) Campotomy. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 87:240\u2013242","journal-title":"Trans Am Neurol Assoc"},{"key":"1570_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1963.20.10.0871","volume":"20","author":"EA Spiegel","year":"1963","unstructured":"Spiegel EA, Wycis HT, Szekely EG et al (1963) Campotomy in various extrapyramidal disorders. J Neurosurg 20:871\u2013884. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1963.20.10.0871","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420519","volume":"42","author":"JI Suarez","year":"1997","unstructured":"Suarez JI, Verhagen Merman L, Reich SG et al (1997) Pallidotomy for hemiballismus: efficacy and characteristics of neuronal activity. Ann Neurol 42:807\u2013811. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410420519","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901890207","volume":"189","author":"J Szabo","year":"1980","unstructured":"Szabo J (1980) Organization of the ascending striatal afferents in monkeys. J Comp Neurol 189:307\u2013321. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.901890207","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19134-3_11","volume-title":"Clinical neuroanatomy. Brain circuitry and its disorders","author":"HJ Donkelaar ten","year":"2011","unstructured":"ten Donkelaar HJ, Warrenburg B, van de Willemsen M et al (2011) Basal Ganglia. In: Clinical neuroanatomy. Brain circuitry and its disorders. Springer, Heidelberg, pp\u00a0495\u2013553"},{"key":"1570_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.109694","volume":"78","author":"S Tisch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tisch S, Zrinzo L, Limousin P et al (2007) Effect of electrode contact location on clinical efficacy of pallidal deep brain stimulation in primary generalised dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78:1314\u20131319. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2006.109694","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1570_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05964-9","volume":"353","author":"V Vandewalle","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vandewalle V, Linden C, Van Der Groenewegen HJ, Caemaert J (1999) Stereotactic treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome by high frequency stimulation of thalamus. Lancet 353:724. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05964-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1570_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902070203","volume":"207","author":"RB Veazey","year":"1982","unstructured":"Veazey RB, Amaral DG, Cowan WM (1982) The morphology and connections of the posterior hypothalamus in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). I. Cytoarchitectonic organization. J Comp Neurol 207:114\u2013134. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.902070203","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902060107","volume":"206","author":"JG Veening","year":"1982","unstructured":"Veening JG, Swanson LW, Cowan WM et al (1982) The medial forebrain bundle of the rat. II. An autoradiographic study of the topography of the major descending and ascending components. J Comp Neurol 206:82\u2013108. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.902060107","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1972.36.2.0184","volume":"36","author":"FC Velasco","year":"1972","unstructured":"Velasco FC, Molina-Negro P, Bertrand C, Hardy J (1972) Further definition of the subthalamic target for arrest of tremor. J Neurosurg 36:184\u2013191. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1972.36.2.0184","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200108000-00009","volume":"49","author":"F Velasco","year":"2001","unstructured":"Velasco F, Jim\u00e9nez F, P\u00e9rez ML et al (2001) Electrical stimulation of the prelemniscal radiation in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease: an old target revised with new techniques. Neurosurgery 49:293\u2013308. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006123-200108000-00009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1570_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.06.054","volume":"67","author":"F Vergani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vergani F, Landi A, Antonini A et al (2007) Anatomical identification of active contacts in subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Surg Neurol 67:140\u2013146. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.06.054","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.06.025","volume":"66","author":"I Vernaleken","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vernaleken I, Kuhn J, Lenartz D et al (2009) Bithalamical deep brain stimulation in tourette syndrome is associated with reduction in dopaminergic transmission. Biol Psychiatry 66:e15\u2013e17. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.06.025","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1570_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301714","volume":"84","author":"M Vidailhet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vidailhet M, Jutras M-F, Grabli D, Roze E (2013) Deep brain stimulation for dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 84:1029\u20131042. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301714","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1570_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-33081-4_24","volume-title":"Operative neuromodulation","author":"V Visser-Vandewalle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Visser-Vandewalle V (2007) DBS in Tourette syndrome: rationale, current status and future prospects. In: Operative neuromodulation. Springer Vienna, Vienna, pp\u00a0215\u2013222"},{"key":"1570_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1159\/000337776","volume":"90","author":"A Viswanathan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Viswanathan A, Jimenez-Shahed J, Baizabal Carvallo JF, Jankovic J (2012) Deep brain stimulation for tourette syndrome: Target selection. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 90:213\u2013224","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.96.2.0269","volume":"96","author":"J Voges","year":"2002","unstructured":"Voges J, Volkmann J, Allert N et al (2002) Bilateral high-frequency stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinson disease: correlation of therapeutic effect with anatomical electrode position. J Neurosurg 96:269\u2013279. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2002.96.2.0269","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR145","first-page":"627","volume":"25","author":"C Vogt","year":"1920","unstructured":"Vogt C, Vogt O (1920) Zur Lehre der Erkrankungen des stri\u00e4ren Systems. J Psychol Neurol 25:627\u2013846","journal-title":"J Psychol Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1159\/000345259","volume":"91","author":"LM Weise","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weise LM, Seifried C, Eibach S et al (2013) Correlation of active contact positions with the electrophysiological and anatomical subdivisions of the subthalamic nucleus in deep brain stimulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 91:298\u2013305. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000345259","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"1570_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30160-6","volume":"16","author":"M-L Welter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Welter M-L, Houeto J-L, Thobois S et al (2017) Anterior pallidal deep brain stimulation for Tourette\u2019s syndrome: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 16:610\u2013619. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30160-6","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1570_CR148","first-page":"294","volume-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of parkinsonism","author":"H Wycis","year":"1958","unstructured":"Wycis H, Spiegel E (1958) Long range results of pallidoansotomy in paralysis agitans and parkinsonism. In: Fields W (ed) Pathogenesis and treatment of parkinsonism. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, pp\u00a0294\u2013298"},{"key":"1570_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.99.1.0089","volume":"99","author":"J Yelnik","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yelnik J, Damier P, Demeret S et al (2003) Localization of stimulating electrodes in patients with Parkinson disease by using a three-dimensional atlas-magnetic resonance imaging coregistration method. J Neurosurg 99:89\u201399. \n                        https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2003.99.1.0089","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["Brain Structure and Function"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00429-017-1570-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-017-1570-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-017-1570-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T01:13:33Z","timestamp":1516151613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00429-017-1570-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]]},"references-count":147,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-017-1570-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2653","1863-2661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2653","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]]}}}