{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T15:12:23Z","timestamp":1780413143177,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K014382\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K014382\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["URF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Dorothy Hodgkin"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dorothy Hodgkin"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203139\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203139\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Struct Funct"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biochemical processes underpin the structure and function of the visual cortex, yet our understanding of the fundamental neurochemistry of the visual brain is incomplete. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H-MRS) is a non-invasive brain imaging tool that allows chemical quantification of living tissue by detecting minute differences in the\u00a0resonant frequency of molecules. Application of MRS in the human brain in vivo has advanced our understanding of how the visual brain consumes energy to support neural function, how its neural substrates change as a result of disease or dysfunction, and how neural populations signal during perception and plasticity. The aim of this review is to provide an entry point to researchers interested in investigating the neurochemistry of the visual system using in vivo measurements. We provide a basic overview of MRS principles, and then discuss recent findings in four topics of vision science: (i) visual perception, plasticity in the (ii) healthy and (iii) dysfunctional visual system, and (iv) during visual stimulation. Taken together, evidence suggests that the neurochemistry of the visual system provides important novel insights into how we perceive the world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02273-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T11:03:10Z","timestamp":1619434990000},"page":"1491-1505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Investigating the neurochemistry of the human visual system using magnetic resonance spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"227","author":[{"given":"I. Betina","family":"Ip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8089-6198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Bridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2273_CR1","volume-title":"Binocular rivalry","author":"DBR Alais","year":"2005","unstructured":"Alais DBR (2005) Binocular rivalry. MIT Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"7","key":"2273_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1072","volume":"6","author":"A Amedi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Amedi A, Raz N, Pianka P, Malach R, Zohary E (2003) Early \u201cvisual\u201d cortex activation correlates with superior verbal memory performance in the blind. Nat Neurosci 6(7):758\u2013766","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2273_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-072116-031418","volume":"40","author":"A Angelucci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Angelucci A, Bijanzadeh M, Nurminen L, Federer F, Merlin S, Bressloff PC (2017) Circuits and mechanisms for surround modulation in visual cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 40:425\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-neuro-072116-031418","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2273_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.015","volume":"118","author":"D Apsvalka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Apsvalka D, Gadie A, Clemence M, Mullins PG (2015) Event-related dynamics of glutamate and BOLD effects measured using functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) at 3T in a repetition suppression paradigm. Neuroimage 118:292\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2273_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.09.007","volume":"67","author":"HC Barron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barron HC (2020) Neural inhibition for continual learning and memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol 67:85\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2020.09.007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"45","key":"2273_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14964","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4812-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"D Bavelier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bavelier D, Levi DM, Li RW, Dan Y, Hensch TK (2010) Removing brakes on adult brain plasticity: from molecular to behavioral interventions. J Neurosci 30(45):14964\u201314971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4812-10.2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2273_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.233","volume":"35","author":"P Bednarik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bednarik P, Tkac I, Giove F, DiNuzzo M, Deelchand DK, Emir UE, Eberly LE, Mangia S (2015) Neurochemical and BOLD responses during neuronal activation measured in the human visual cortex at 7 Tesla. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 35(4):601\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.233","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2273_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678x17695291","volume":"38","author":"P Bednarik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bednarik P, Tkac I, Giove F, Eberly LE, Deelchand DK, Barreto FR, Mangia S (2018) Neurochemical responses to chromatic and achromatic stimuli in the human visual cortex. J Cerebr Blood F Met 38(2):347\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678x17695291","journal-title":"J Cerebr Blood F Met"},{"issue":"9","key":"2273_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.06.003","volume":"21","author":"M Bedny","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bedny M (2017) Evidence from blindness for a cognitively pluripotent cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 21(9):637\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2017.06.003","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2273_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014818108","volume":"108","author":"M Bedny","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bedny M, Pascual-Leone A, Dodell-Feder D, Fedorenko E, Saxe R (2011) Language processing in the occipital cortex of congenitally blind adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(11):4429\u20134434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1014818108","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"2273_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2011.10.005","volume":"122","author":"M Bedny","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bedny M, Pascual-Leone A, Dravida S, Saxe R (2012) A sensitive period for language in the visual cortex: distinct patterns of plasticity in congenitally versus late blind adults. Brain Lang 122(3):162\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandl.2011.10.005","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"4","key":"2273_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.04.080","volume":"47","author":"A Bernabeu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bernabeu A, Alfaro A, Garcia M, Fernandez E (2009) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) reveals the presence of elevated myo-inositol in the occipital cortex of blind subjects. Neuroimage 47(4):1172\u20131176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.04.080","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2273_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.050","volume":"84","author":"PK Bhattacharyya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya PK (2014) Macromolecule contamination in GABA editing using MEGA-PRESS should be properly accounted for. Neuroimage 84:1111\u20131112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.050","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"22","key":"2273_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000313376.07248.28","volume":"70","author":"ME Bigal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bigal ME, Hetherington H, Pan J, Tsang A, Grosberg B, Avdievich N, Friedman B, Lipton RB (2008) Occipital levels of GABA are related to severe headaches in migraine. Neurology 70(22):2078\u20132080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000313376.07248.28","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2273_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.96.1.145","volume":"96","author":"R Blake","year":"1989","unstructured":"Blake R (1989) A neural theory of binocular rivalry. Psychol Rev 96(1):145\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295x.96.1.145","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2273_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5864-8_2","volume-title":"MR spectroscopy of pediatric brain disorders","author":"S Bl\u00fcml","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bl\u00fcml S (2013) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy: basics. In: Bl\u00fcml S, Panigrahy A (eds) MR spectroscopy of pediatric brain disorders. Springer, New York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-5864-8_2"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"2273_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp279","volume":"132","author":"H Bridge","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bridge H, Cowey A, Ragge N, Watkins K (2009) Imaging studies in congenital anophthalmia reveal preservation of brain architecture in \u201cvisual\u201d cortex. Brain 132(Pt 12):3467\u20133480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awp279","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11","key":"2273_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414566860","volume":"35","author":"H Bridge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bridge H, Stagg CJ, Near J, Lau CI, Zisner A, Cader MZ (2015) Altered neurochemical coupling in the occipital cortex in migraine with visual aura. Cephalalgia 35(11):1025\u20131030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102414566860","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2273_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.09.015","volume":"392","author":"H Burton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burton H, McLaren DG (2006) Visual cortex activation in late-onset, Braille naive blind individuals: an fMRI study during semantic and phonological tasks with heard words. Neurosci Lett 392(1\u20132):38\u201342","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"2273_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00285.2001","volume":"87","author":"H Burton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burton H, Snyder AZ, Conturo TE, Akbudak E, Ollinger JM, Raichle ME (2002) Adaptive changes in early and late blind: a fMRI study of Braille reading. J Neurophysiol 87(1):589\u2013607","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"2273_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f2a63","volume":"18","author":"DR Chebat","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chebat DR, Rainville C, Kupers R, Ptito M (2007) Tactile-\u2019visual\u2019 acuity of the tongue in early blind individuals. NeuroReport 18(18):1901\u20131904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f2a63","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2273_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.044","volume":"156","author":"C Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen C, Sigurdsson HP, Pepes SE, Auer DP, Morris PG, Morgan PS, Gowland PA, Jackson SR (2017) Activation induced changes in GABA: functional MRS at 7T with MEGA-sLASER. Neuroimage 156:207\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.044","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2273_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28630","author":"WT Clarke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clarke WT, Stagg CJ, Jbabdi S (2020) FSL-MRS: an end-to-end spectroscopy analysis package. Magnet Reson Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.28630","journal-title":"Magnet Reson Med"},{"key":"2273_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.07.053","volume":"632","author":"E Cook","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cook E, Hammett ST, Larsson J (2016) GABA predicts visual intelligence. Neurosci Lett 632:50\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.07.053","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"2273_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00567.2015","volume":"114","author":"GS Coullon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coullon GS, Emir UE, Fine I, Watkins KE, Bridge H (2015a) Neurochemical changes in the pericalcarine cortex in congenital blindness attributable to bilateral anophthalmia. J Neurophysiol 114(3):1725\u20131733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00567.2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2273_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01031.2014","volume":"113","author":"GS Coullon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coullon GS, Jiang F, Fine I, Watkins KE, Bridge H (2015b) Subcortical functional reorganization due to early blindness. J Neurophysiol 113(7):2889\u20132899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.01031.2014","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"25","key":"2273_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9301","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321072111","volume":"111","author":"H Cousijn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cousijn H, Haegens S, Wallis G, Near J, Stokes MG, Harrison PJ, Nobre AC (2014) Resting GABA and glutamate concentrations do not predict visual gamma frequency or amplitude. P Natl Acad Sci USA 111(25):9301\u20139306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1321072111","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2273_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4393","author":"C Cudalbu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cudalbu C, Behar KL, Bhattacharyya PK, Bogner W, Borbath T, de Graaf RA, Gruetter R, Henning A, Juchem C, Kreis R, Lee P, Lei HX, Marjanska M, Mekle R, Murali-Manohar S, Povazan M, Rackayova V, Simicic D, Slotboom J, Soher BJ, Starcuk Z, Starcukova J, Tkac I, Williams S, Wilson M, Wright AM, Xin LJ, Mlynarik V (2020) Contribution of macromolecules to brain H-1 MR spectra: experts\u2019 consensus recommendations. NMR Biomed. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.4393","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"50","key":"2273_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15721","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4426-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"RA Edden","year":"2009","unstructured":"Edden RA, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Freeman TC, Singh KD (2009) Orientation discrimination performance is predicted by GABA concentration and gamma oscillation frequency in human primary visual cortex. J Neurosci 29(50):15721\u201315726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4426-09.2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2273_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.09.021","volume":"57","author":"CN Epperson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Epperson CN, O\u2019Malley S, Czarkowski KA, Gueorguieva R, Jatlow P, Sanacora G, Rothman DL, Krystal JH, Mason GF (2005) Sex, GABA, and nicotine: the impact of smoking on cortical GABA levels across the menstrual cycle as measured with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biol Psychiat 57(1):44\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.09.021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiat"},{"issue":"1","key":"2273_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21996","volume":"31","author":"CJ Evans","year":"2010","unstructured":"Evans CJ, McGonigle DJ, Edden RAE (2010) Diurnal stability of gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration in visual and sensorimotor cortex. J Magn Reson Imaging 31(1):204\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.21996","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"2273_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00113-6","volume":"10","author":"D Fitzpatrick","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick D (2000) Seeing beyond the receptive field in primary visual cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 10(4):438\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00113-6","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2273_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00346.2005","volume":"95","author":"A Floyer-Lea","year":"2006","unstructured":"Floyer-Lea A, Wylezinska M, Kincses T, Matthews PM (2006) Rapid modulation of GABA concentration in human sensorimotor cortex during motor learning. J Neurophysiol 95(3):1639\u20131644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00346.2005","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2273_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.35854","author":"P Frangou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Frangou P, Correia M, Kourtzi Z (2018) GABA, not BOLD, reveals dissociable learning-dependent plasticity mechanisms in the human brain. Elife. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.35854","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2273_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08313-y","author":"P Frangou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frangou P, Emir UE, Karlaftis VM, Nettekoven C, Hinson EL, Larcombe S, Bridge H, Stagg CJ, Kourtzi Z (2019) Learning to optimize perceptual decisions through suppressive interactions in the human brain. Nat Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-08313-y","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"2273_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1492(200005)13:3<129::AID-NBM619>3.0.CO;2-V","volume":"13","author":"V Govindaraju","year":"2000","unstructured":"Govindaraju V, Young K, Maudsley AA (2000) Proton NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants for brain metabolites. NMR Biomed 13(3):129\u2013153","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"4","key":"2273_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/cmr.a.20089","volume":"30","author":"P Granger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Granger P, Bourdonneau M, Assemat O, Piotto M (2007) NMR chemical shift measurements revisited: high precision measurements. Concept Magn Reson A 30(4):184\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cmr.a.20089","journal-title":"Concept Magn Reson A"},{"key":"2273_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.06.007","volume":"139","author":"I Greenhouse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Greenhouse I, Noah S, Maddock RJ, Ivry RB (2016) Individual differences in GABA content are reliable but are not uniform across the human cortex. Neuroimage 139:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.06.007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2273_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135294","author":"ST Hammett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hammett ST, Cook E, Hassan O, Hughes CA, Rooslien H, Tizkar R, Larsson J (2020) GABA, noise and gain in human visual cortex. Neurosci Lett. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135294","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"2273_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2233-09.2010","volume":"30","author":"A Harauzov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harauzov A, Spolidoro M, DiCristo G, De Pasquale R, Cancedda L, Pizzorusso T, Viegi A, Berardi N, Maffei L (2010) Reducing intracortical inhibition in the adult visual cortex promotes ocular dominance plasticity. J Neurosci 30(1):361\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2233-09.2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2273_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25549","volume":"74","author":"AD Harris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harris AD, Puts NAJ, Barker PB, Edden RAE (2015) Spectral-editing measurements of GABA in the human brain with and without macromolecule suppression. Magn Reson Med 74(6):1523\u20131529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.25549","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2273_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2896-18.2019","author":"E Huber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huber E, Chang K, Alvarez I, Hundle A, Bridge H, Fine I (2019) Early blindness shapes cortical representations of auditory frequency within auditory cortex. J Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2896-18.2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2273_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.030","volume":"155","author":"IB Ip","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ip IB, Berrington A, Hess AT, Parker AJ, Emir UE, Bridge H (2017) Combined fMRI-MRS acquires simultaneous glutamate and BOLD-fMRI signals in the human brain. Neuroimage 155:113\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.030","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"40","key":"2273_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7968","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3021-18.2019","volume":"39","author":"IB Ip","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ip IB, Emir UE, Parker AJ, Campbell J, Bridge H (2019) Comparison of neurochemical and BOLD signal contrast response functions in the human visual cortex. J Neurosci 39(40):7968\u20137975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3021-18.2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2273_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.027","volume":"72","author":"JS Isaacson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Isaacson JS, Scanziani M (2011) How inhibition shapes cortical activity. Neuron 72(2):231\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.027","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2273_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4254","author":"N Just","year":"2020","unstructured":"Just N (2020) Proton functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy in rodents. NMR Biomed. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.4254","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"46","key":"2273_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9967","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1214-18.2018","volume":"38","author":"K Kurcyus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kurcyus K, Annac E, Hanning NM, Harris AD, Oeltzschner G, Edden R, Riedl V (2018) Opposite dynamics of GABA and glutamate levels in the occipital cortex during visual processing. J Neurosci 38(46):9967\u20139976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1214-18.2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"37","key":"2273_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12859","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1256-15.2015","volume":"35","author":"C Lane","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lane C, Kanjlia S, Omaki A, Bedny M (2015) \u201cVisual\u201d cortex of congenitally blind adults responds to syntactic movement. J Neurosci 35(37):12859\u201312868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1256-15.2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2273_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.024","volume":"88","author":"JJ Letzkus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Letzkus JJ, Wolff SBE, Luthi A (2015) Disinhibition, a circuit mechanism for associative learning and memory. Neuron 88(2):264\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2273_CR50","volume-title":"On binocular rivalry","author":"W Levelt","year":"1965","unstructured":"Levelt W (1965) On binocular rivalry. Institution for Perception, Soesterberg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2273_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.33","volume":"32","author":"Y Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin Y, Stephenson MC, Xin L, Napolitano A, Morris PG (2012) Investigating the metabolic changes due to visual stimulation using functional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7 T. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 32(8):1484\u20131495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.33","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2273_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4484","author":"AD Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin AD, Andronesi O, Bogner W, Choi IY, Coello E, Cudalbu C, Juchem C, Kemp GJ, Kreis R, Krssak M, Lee P, Maudsley AA, Meyerspeer M, Mlynarik V, Near J, Oz G, Peek AL, Puts NA, Ratai EM, Tkac I, Mullins PG, Sta EWGR (2021) Minimum reporting standards for in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRSinMRS): experts\u2019 consensus recommendations. NMR Biomed. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.4484","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2273_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/13.6.1","author":"C Lunghi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lunghi C, Burr DC, Morrone MC (2013) Long-term effects of monocular deprivation revealed with binocular rivalry gratings modulated in luminance and in color. J Vis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/13.6.1","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2273_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.04.021","volume":"25","author":"C Lunghi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lunghi C, Emir UE, Morrone MC, Bridge H (2015) Short-term monocular deprivation alters GABA in the adult human visual cortex. Curr Biol CB 25(11):1496\u20131501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2015.04.021","journal-title":"Curr Biol CB"},{"key":"2273_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.069","volume":"172","author":"J Lynn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lynn J, Woodcock EA, Anand C, Khatib D, Stanley JA (2018) Differences in steady-state glutamate levels and variability between \u201cnon-task-active\u201d conditions: evidence from H-1 fMRS of the prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 172:554\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.069","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"2273_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2005.12.023","volume":"24","author":"S Mangia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mangia S, Tkac I, Gruetter R, Van De Moortele PF, Giove F, Maraviglia B, Ugurbil K (2006) Sensitivity of single-voxel 1H-MRS in investigating the metabolism of the activated human visual cortex at 7 T. Magn Reson Imaging 24(4):343\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mri.2005.12.023","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"15","key":"2273_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3340","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21371","volume":"85","author":"S Mangia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mangia S, Tkac I, Logothetis NK, Gruetter R, Van de Moortele PF, Ugurbil K (2007) Dynamics of lactate concentration and blood oxygen level-dependent effect in the human visual cortex during repeated identical stimuli. J Neurosci Res 85(15):3340\u20133346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.21371","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"5874","key":"2273_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150516","volume":"320","author":"JF Maya Vetencourt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maya Vetencourt JF, Sale A, Viegi A, Baroncelli L, De Pasquale R, O\u2019Leary OF, Castren E, Maffei L (2008) The antidepressant fluoxetine restores plasticity in the adult visual cortex. Science 320(5874):385\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1150516","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2273_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3672","author":"R Mekle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mekle R, Kuhn S, Pfeiffer H, Aydin S, Schubert F, Ittermann B (2017) Detection of metabolite changes in response to a varying visual stimulation paradigm using short-TE H-1 MRS at 7 T. Nmr Biomed. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.3672","journal-title":"Nmr Biomed"},{"issue":"42","key":"2273_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8398","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0836-19.2019","volume":"39","author":"J Mentch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mentch J, Spiegel A, Ricciardi C, Robertson CE (2019) GABAergic inhibition gates perceptual awareness during binocular rivalry. J Neurosci 39(42):8398\u20138407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0836-19.2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2273_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/(Sici)1099-1492(199810)11:6<266::Aid-Nbm530>3.3.Co;2-A","volume":"11","author":"M Mescher","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mescher M, Merkle H, Kirsch J, Garwood M, Gruetter R (1998) Simultaneous in vivo spectral editing and water suppression. NMR Biomed 11(6):266\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(Sici)1099-1492(199810)11:6%3c266::Aid-Nbm530%3e3.3.Co;2-A","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2273_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.09.021","volume":"1701","author":"M Mikkelsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mikkelsen M, Harris AD, Edden RAE, Puts NAJ (2018a) Macromolecule-suppressed GABA measurements correlate more strongly with behavior than macromolecule-contaminated GABA plus measurements. Brain Res 1701:204\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.09.021","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2273_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2018.02.012","volume":"303","author":"M Mikkelsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mikkelsen M, Loo RS, Puts NAJ, Edden RAE, Harris AD (2018b) Designing GABA-edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies: considerations of scan duration, signal-to-noise ratio and sample size. J Neurosci Meth 303:86\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2018.02.012","journal-title":"J Neurosci Meth"},{"issue":"1","key":"2273_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12411","volume":"59","author":"PG Mullins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mullins PG (2018) Towards a theory of functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS): a meta-analysis and discussion of using MRS to measure changes in neurotransmitters in real time. Scand J Psychol 59(1):91\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sjop.12411","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"key":"2273_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.004","volume":"86","author":"PG Mullins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mullins PG, McGonigle DJ, O\u2019Gorman RL, Puts NA, Vidyasagar R, Evans CJ, Symposium C (2014) Current practice in the use of MEGA-PRESS spectroscopy for the detection of GABA. Neuroimage 86:43\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"20","key":"2273_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8356","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900728106","volume":"106","author":"SD Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Muthukumaraswamy SD, Edden RAE, Jones DK, Swettenham JB, Singh KD (2009) Resting GABA concentration predicts peak gamma frequency and fMRI amplitude in response to visual stimulation in humans. P Natl Acad Sci USA 106(20):8356\u20138361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0900728106","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2273_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4257","author":"J Near","year":"2020","unstructured":"Near J, Harris AD, Juchem C, Kreis R, Marjanska M, Oz G, Slotboom J, Wilson M, Gasparovic C (2020) Preprocessing, analysis and quantification in single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy: experts\u2019 consensus recommendations. NMR Biomed. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.4257","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2273_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S176931","volume":"12","author":"TL Ooi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ooi TL, He ZJ (2020) Sensory eye dominance: relationship between eye and brain. Eye Brain 12:25\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/EB.S176931","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2273_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.03.076","volume":"47","author":"HJ Park","year":"2009","unstructured":"Park HJ, Lee JD, Kim EY, Park B, Oh MK, Lee S, Kim JJ (2009) Morphological alterations in the congenital blind based on the analysis of cortical thickness and surface area. Neuroimage 47(1):98\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.03.076","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2273_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14577-5","volume":"7","author":"K Pitchaimuthu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pitchaimuthu K, Wu QZ, Carter O, Nguyen BN, Ahn S, Egan GF, McKendrick AM (2017) Occipital GABA levels in older adults and their relationship to visual perceptual suppression. Sci Rep 7(1):14231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-14577-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2273_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.23945","volume":"37","author":"S Posse","year":"2013","unstructured":"Posse S, Otazo R, Dager SR, Alger J (2013) MR spectroscopic imaging: principles and recent advances. J Magn Reson Imaging 37(6):1301\u20131325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.23945","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"13","key":"2273_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5829","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.13.5829","volume":"88","author":"J Prichard","year":"1991","unstructured":"Prichard J, Rothman D, Novotny E, Petroff O, Kuwabara T, Avison M, Howseman A, Hanstock C, Shulman R (1991) Lactate rise detected by 1H NMR in human visual cortex during physiologic stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88(13):5829\u20135831","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2273_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2011.06.001","volume":"60","author":"NAJ Puts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Puts NAJ, Edden RAE (2012) In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of GABA: a methodological review. Prog Nucl Mag Res Sp 60:29\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2011.06.001","journal-title":"Prog Nucl Mag Res Sp"},{"issue":"1","key":"2273_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-013-1199-5","volume":"39","author":"CD Rae","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rae CD (2014) A guide to the metabolic pathways and function of metabolites observed in human brain H-1 magnetic resonance spectra. Neurochem Res 39(1):1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-013-1199-5","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"2273_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6029241","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6029241","volume":"2016","author":"NL Reislev","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reislev NL, Dyrby TB, Siebner HR, Kupers R, Ptito M (2016) Simultaneous assessment of white matter changes in microstructure and connectedness in the blind brain. Neural Plast 2016:6029241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/6029241","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"2273_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/Eneuro.0082-20.2020","author":"R Rideaux","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rideaux R (2020) Temporal dynamics of GABA and Glx in the visual cortex. Eneuro. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/Eneuro.0082-20.2020","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"issue":"2","key":"2273_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00208.2019","volume":"122","author":"R Rideaux","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rideaux R, Goncalves NR, Welchman AE (2019) Mixed-polarity random-dot stereograms alter GABA and Glx concentration in the early visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 122(2):888\u2013896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00208.2019","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2273_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1426","volume":"5","author":"EM Robertson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Robertson EM, Pascual-Leone A, Miall RC (2004) Current concepts in procedural consolidation. Nat Rev Neurosci 5(7):576\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn1426","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2273_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.11.019","volume":"26","author":"CE Robertson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robertson CE, Ratai EM, Kanwisher N (2016) Reduced GABAergic action in the autistic brain. Curr Biol CB 26(1):80\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2015.11.019","journal-title":"Curr Biol CB"},{"issue":"6","key":"2273_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910380611","volume":"38","author":"DL Rothman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rothman DL, Behar KL, Prichard JW, Petroff OAC (1997) Homocarnosine and the measurement of neuronal pH in patients with epilepsy. Magnet Reson Med 38(6):924\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.1910380611","journal-title":"Magnet Reson Med"},{"key":"2273_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.08.006","volume":"83","author":"K Sandberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sandberg K, Blicher JU, Del Pin SH, Andersen LM, Rees G, Kanai R (2016) Improved estimates for the role of grey matter volume and GABA in bistable perception. Cortex 83:292\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.08.006","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"8","key":"2273_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23194","volume":"91","author":"B Schaller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schaller B, Mekle R, Xin L, Kunz N, Gruetter R (2013) Net increase of lactate and glutamate concentration in activated human visual cortex detected with magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7 tesla. J Neurosci Res 91(8):1076\u20131083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.23194","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2273_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.30334","author":"MP Schallmo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schallmo MP, Kale AM, Millin R, Flevaris AV, Brkanac Z, Edden RA, Bernier RA, Murray SO (2018) Suppression and facilitation of human neural responses. Elife. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.30334","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2273_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.001","volume":"184","author":"MP Schallmo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schallmo MP, Millin R, Kale AM, Kolodny T, Edden RAE, Bernier RA, Murray SO (2019) Glutamatergic facilitation of neural responses in MT enhances motion perception in humans. Neuroimage 184:925\u2013931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.10.001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2273_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16495-z","author":"MP Schallmo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schallmo MP, Kolodny T, Kale AM, Millin R, Flevaris AV, Edden RAE, Gerdts J, Bernier RA, Murray SO (2020) Weaker neural suppression in autism. Nat Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-16495-z","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"2273_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00228.2011","volume":"106","author":"J Seely","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seely J, Chow CC (2011) Role of mutual inhibition in binocular rivalry. J Neurophysiol 106(5):2136\u20132150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00228.2011","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2273_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj110","volume":"16","author":"F Sengpiel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sengpiel F, Jirmann KU, Vorobyov V, Eysel UT (2006) Strabismic suppression is mediated by inhibitory interactions in the primary visual cortex. Cereb Cortex 16(12):1750\u20131758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhj110","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"5","key":"2273_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00332-5","volume":"38","author":"R Shapley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shapley R, Hawken M, Ringach DL (2003) Dynamic\u2019s of orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex and the importance of cortical inhibition. Neuron 38(5):689\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00332-5","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"14","key":"2273_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8235","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.8235","volume":"96","author":"J Shen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shen J, Petersen KF, Behar KL, Brown P, Nixon TW, Mason GF, Petroff OAC, Shulman GI, Shulman RG, Rothman DL (1999) Determination of the rate of the glutamate glutamine cycle in the human brain by in vivo C-13 NMR. P Natl Acad Sci USA 96(14):8235\u20138240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.96.14.8235","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2273_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4490","volume":"20","author":"K Shibata","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shibata K, Sasaki Y, Bang JW, Walsh EG, Machizawa MG, Tamaki M, Chang LH, Watanabe T (2017) Overlearning hyperstabilizes a skill by rapidly making neurochemical processing inhibitory-dominant. Nat Neurosci 20(3):470\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.4490","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2273_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1059-z","volume":"20","author":"TG Staermose","year":"2019","unstructured":"Staermose TG, Knudsen MK, Kasch H, Blicher JU (2019) Cortical GABA in migraine with aura\u2014an ultrashort echo magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Headache Pain 20(1):110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10194-019-1059-z","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"2273_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00076","volume":"9","author":"JA Stanley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stanley JA, Raz N (2018) Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy: the \u201cNew\u201d MRS for cognitive neuroscience and psychiatry research. Front Psychiatry 9:76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00076","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2273_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26096-y","volume":"8","author":"A Steel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steel A, Chiew M, Jezzard P, Voets NL, Plaha P, Thomas MA, Stagg CJ, Emir UE (2018) Metabolite-cycled density-weighted concentric rings k-space trajectory (DW-CRT) enables high-resolution 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging at 3-Tesla. Sci Rep 8(1):7792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-26096-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6946","key":"2273_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01800","volume":"424","author":"D Tadin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tadin D, Lappin JS, Gilroy LA, Blake R (2003) Perceptual consequences of centre-surround antagonism in visual motion processing. Nature 424(6946):312\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature01800","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"2273_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1523\/Jneurosci.4121-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"D Tadin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tadin D, Silvanto J, Pascual-Leone A, Battelli L (2011) Improved motion perception and impaired spatial suppression following disruption of cortical area MT\/V5. J Neurosci 31(4):1279\u20131283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/Jneurosci.4121-10.2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2273_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1213","volume":"46","author":"I Tkac","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tkac I, Andersen P, Adriany G, Merkle H, Ugurbil K, Gruetter R (2001) In vivo H-1 NMR spectroscopy of the human brain at 7 T. Magnet Reson Med 46(3):451\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.1213","journal-title":"Magnet Reson Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2273_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22086","volume":"62","author":"I Tkac","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tkac I, Oz G, Adriany G, Ugurbil K, Gruetter R (2009) In vivo H-1 NMR spectroscopy of the human brain at high magnetic fields: metabolite quantification at 4T vs. 7T. Magnet Reson Med 62(4):868\u2013879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.22086","journal-title":"Magnet Reson Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2273_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.03.067","volume":"23","author":"AM van Loon","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Loon AM, Knapen T, Scholte HS, St John-Saaltink E, Donner TH, Lamme VA (2013) GABA shapes the dynamics of bistable perception. Curr Biol CB 23(9):823\u2013827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2013.03.067","journal-title":"Curr Biol CB"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"2273_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws067","volume":"135","author":"KE Watkins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Watkins KE, Cowey A, Alexander I, Filippini N, Kennedy JM, Smith SM, Ragge N, Bridge H (2012) Language networks in anophthalmia: maintained hierarchy of processing in \u201cvisual\u201d cortex. Brain 135(Pt 5):1566\u20131577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/aws067","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"46","key":"2273_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18242","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2546-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"KE Watkins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Watkins KE, Shakespeare TJ, O\u2019Donoghue MC, Alexander I, Ragge N, Cowey A, Bridge H (2013) Early auditory processing in area V5\/MT+ of the congenitally blind brain. J Neurosci 33(46):18242\u201318246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2546-13.2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2273_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.08.004","volume":"252","author":"KE Weaver","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weaver KE, Richards TL, Saenz M, Petropoulos H, Fine I (2013) Neurochemical changes within human early blind occipital cortex. Neuroscience 252:222\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.08.004","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2273_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27742","volume":"82","author":"M Wilson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilson M, Andronesi O, Barker PB, Bartha R, Bizzi A, Bolan PJ, Brindle KM, Choi IY, Cudalbu C, Dydak U, Emir UE, Gonzalez RG, Gruber S, Gruetter R, Gupta RK, Heerschap A, Henning A, Hetherington HP, Huppi PS, Hurd RE, Kantarci K, Kauppinen RA, Klomp DWJ, Kreis R, Kruiskamp MJ, Leach MO, Lin AP, Luijten PR, Marjanska M, Maudsley AA, Meyerhoff DJ, Mountford CE, Mullins PG, Murdoch JB, Nelson SJ, Noeske R, Oz G, Pan JW, Peet AC, Poptani H, Posse S, Ratai EM, Salibi N, Scheenen TWJ, Smith ICP, Soher BJ, Tkac I, Vigneron DB, Howe FA (2019) Methodological consensus on clinical proton MRS of the brain: review and recommendations. Magnet Reson Med 82(2):527\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.27742","journal-title":"Magnet Reson Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2273_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80073","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080073","volume":"8","author":"L Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu L, Tang Z, Sun X, Feng X, Qian W, Wang J, Jin L (2013) Metabolic changes in the visual cortex of binocular blindness macaque monkeys: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. PLoS ONE 8(11):e80073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0080073","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"2273_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.1523\/Jneurosci.6158-09.2010","volume":"30","author":"JH Yoon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yoon JH, Maddock RJ, Rokem A, Silver MA, Minzenberg MJ, Ragland JD, Carter CS (2010) GABA concentration is reduced in visual cortex in schizophrenia and correlates with orientation-specific surround suppression. J Neurosci 30(10):3777\u20133781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/Jneurosci.6158-09.2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Brain Structure and Function"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-021-02273-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00429-021-02273-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-021-02273-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T09:06:06Z","timestamp":1651655166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00429-021-02273-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-021-02273-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2653","1863-2661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2653","type":"print"},{"value":"1863-2661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}