{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:11:26Z","timestamp":1792782686661,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI), Scientific Research C","award":["18K02589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K02589"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Struct Funct"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-023-02674-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T14:03:33Z","timestamp":1689861813000},"page":"1691-1701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Changes in functional brain activity patterns associated with computer programming learning in novices"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"228","author":[{"given":"Kenji","family":"Hishikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Yoshinaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Togo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Hongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Hanakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2674_CR1","first-page":"189","volume":"2","author":"A Basso","year":"1987","unstructured":"Basso A, Capitani E, Laiacona M (1987) Raven\u2019s coloured progressive matrices: normative values on 305 adult normal controls. Funct Neurol 2:189\u2013194","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"2674_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.042","volume":"37","author":"Y Behzadi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Behzadi Y, Restom K, Liau J, Liu TT (2007) A component based noise correction method (CompCor) for BOLD and perfusion based fMRI. Neuroimage 37:90\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.042","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2674_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01698","volume":"33","author":"FM Branzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Branzi FM, Pobric G, Jung J, Lambon Ralph MA (2021) The left angular gyrus is causally involved in context-dependent integration and associative encoding during narrative reading. J Cogn Neurosci 33:1082\u20131095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01698","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2674_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busjahn T, Bednarik R, Begel A, Crosby M, Paterson JH, Schulte C, Sharif B, Tamm S (2015) Eye movements in code reading: relaxing the linear order. In: 2015 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Program Comprehension, 2015. IEEE, pp 255\u2013265","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPC.2015.36"},{"key":"2674_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9885-1","volume":"13","author":"J Castelhano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Castelhano J, Duarte IC, Ferreira C, Duraes J, Madeira H, Castelo-Branco M (2019) The role of the insula in intuitive expert bug detection in computer code: an fMRI study. Brain Imaging Behav 13:623\u2013637","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"2674_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0781","volume":"13","author":"MW Chee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chee MW, Hon N, Lee HL, Soon CS (2001) Relative language proficiency modulates BOLD signal change when bilinguals perform semantic judgments. Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Neuroimage 13:1155\u20131163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/nimg.2001.0781","journal-title":"Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Neuroimage"},{"key":"2674_CR7","first-page":"13","volume":"6","author":"B Cotton","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cotton B, Tzeng OJ, Hardyck C (1980) Role of cerebral hemispheric processing in the visual half-field stimulus\u2013response compatibility effect. J Exp Psychol 6:13","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"2674_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20422","volume":"29","author":"EC Ferstl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ferstl EC, Neumann J, Bogler C, von Cramon DY (2008) The extended language network: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on text comprehension. Hum Brain Mapp 29:581\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.20422","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2674_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fix V, Wiedenbeck S, Scholtz J (1993) Mental representations of programs by novices and experts. In: Proceedings of the INTERACT'93 and CHI'93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1993. pp 74\u201379","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169088"},{"key":"2674_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floyd B, Santander T, Weimer W Decoding the representation of code in the brain: an fMRI study of code review and expertise. In: 2017 IEEE\/ACM 39th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), 2017. IEEE, pp 175\u2013186","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2017.24"},{"key":"2674_CR11","unstructured":"Galloway L, Krashen S (1980) Cerebral organization in bilingualism and second language. Research in second language acquisition:74\u201380."},{"key":"2674_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127","volume":"80","author":"MF Glasser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Glasser MF, Sotiropoulos SN, Wilson JA, Coalson TS, Fischl B, Andersson JL, Xu J, Jbabdi S, Webster M, Polimeni JR, Van Essen DC, Jenkinson M (2013) The minimal preprocessing pipelines for the human connectome project. Neuroimage 80:105\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2674_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1976.42.3c.1091","volume":"42","author":"H Gordon","year":"1976","unstructured":"Gordon H, Carmon A (1976) Transfer of dominance in speed of verbal response to visually presented stimuli from right to left hemisphere. Percept Mot Ski 42:1091\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pms.1976.42.3c.1091","journal-title":"Percept Mot Ski"},{"key":"2674_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","volume":"8","author":"G Hickok","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hickok G, Poeppel D (2007) The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:393\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn2113","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2674_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13663","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0410-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"C Hosoda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hosoda C, Tanaka K, Nariai T, Honda M, Hanakawa T (2013) Dynamic neural network reorganization associated with second language vocabulary acquisition: a multimodal imaging study. J Neurosci 33:13663\u201313672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.0410-13.2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2674_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/eneuro.0405-20.2020","author":"Y Ikutani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ikutani Y, Kubo T, Nishida S, Hata H, Matsumoto K, Ikeda K, Nishimoto S (2021) Expert programmers have fine-tuned cortical representations of source code. eNeuro. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/eneuro.0405-20.2020","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"2674_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.58906","author":"AA Ivanova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ivanova AA, Srikant S, Sueoka Y, Kean HH, Dhamala R, O\u2019Reilly UM, Bers MU, Fedorenko E (2020) Comprehension of computer code relies primarily on domain-general executive brain regions. Elife. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.58906","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2674_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koenemann J, Robertson SP (1991) Expert problem solving strategies for program comprehension. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1991. pp 125-130","DOI":"10.1145\/108844.108863"},{"key":"2674_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600244103","volume":"103","author":"N Kriegeskorte","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kriegeskorte N, Goebel R, Bandettini P (2006) Information-based functional brain mapping. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:3863\u20133868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0600244103","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2674_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.05.001","volume":"58","author":"P Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li P, Legault J, Litcofsky KA (2014) Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning: anatomical changes in the human brain. Cortex 58:301\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.05.001","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2674_CR21","unstructured":"Obler L (1981) Right hemisphere participation in second language acquisition. Individual differences and universals in language learning aptitude:53\u201364"},{"key":"2674_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/0267658308098997","volume":"25","author":"S Reiterer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reiterer S, Pereda E, Bhattacharya J (2009) Measuring second language proficiency with EEG synchronization: how functional cortical networks and hemispheric involvement differ as a function of proficiency level in second language speakers. Second Lang Res 25:77\u2013106","journal-title":"Second Lang Res"},{"key":"2674_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.046","volume":"90","author":"G Salimi-Khorshidi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salimi-Khorshidi G, Douaud G, Beckmann CF, Glasser MF, Griffanti L, Smith SM (2014) Automatic denoising of functional MRI data: combining independent component analysis and hierarchical fusion of classifiers. Neuroimage 90:449\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.046","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2674_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00240","volume":"24","author":"AA Schlegel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schlegel AA, Rudelson JJ, Tse PU (2012) White matter structure changes as adults learn a second language. J Cogn Neurosci 24:1664\u20131670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00240","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2674_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siegmund J, K\u00e4stner C, Apel S, Parnin C, Bethmann A, Leich T, Saake G, Brechmann A (2014) Understanding understanding source code with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering, Hyderabad, India, 2014, pp 378\u2013389. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2568225.2568252","DOI":"10.1145\/2568225.2568252"},{"key":"2674_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siegmund J, Peitek N, Parnin C, Apel S, Hofmeister J, K\u00e4stner C, Begel A, Bethmann A, Brechmann A (2017) Measuring neural efficiency of program comprehension. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2017 11th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering, Paderborn, Germany, 2017, pp 140\u2013150. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3106237.3106268","DOI":"10.1145\/3106237.3106268"},{"key":"2674_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uwano H, Nakamura M, Monden A, Matsumoto K-i (2006) Analyzing individual performance of source code review using reviewers' eye movement. In: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications, 2006. pp 133\u2013140","DOI":"10.1145\/1117309.1117357"},{"key":"2674_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80054-7","volume":"23","author":"I Vessey","year":"1985","unstructured":"Vessey I (1985) Expertise in debugging computer programs: a process analysis. Int J Man-Mach Stud 23:459\u2013494","journal-title":"Int J Man-Mach Stud"},{"key":"2674_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/2.402076","volume":"28","author":"A Von Mayrhauser","year":"1995","unstructured":"Von Mayrhauser A, Vans AM (1995) Program comprehension during software maintenance and evolution. Computer 28:44\u201355","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"2674_CR30","unstructured":"Yamanishi J (2015) Report of research and study on programming education in foreign countries, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), 2014, Information Education Leadership Improvement Support Project, Syogaikoku ni okeru puroguramingu kyoiku ni kansuru tyosakenkyu, Monbukagakusyo heisei 26 nendo jyohokyoiku shidouryoku koujyo shienjigyo, Houkokusyo (in Japanese). https:\/\/www.mext.go.jp\/a_menu\/shotou\/zyouhou\/detail\/__icsFiles\/afieldfile\/2018\/08\/10\/programming_syogaikoku_houkokusyo.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"2674_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70167-y","volume":"10","author":"S Yazbek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yazbek S, Smayra T, Mallak I, Hage S, Sleilaty G, Atat C, Abdel Hay J, Moussa R (2020) Functional MRI study of language organization in left-handed and right-handed trilingual subjects. Sci Rep 10(1):13165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-70167-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Brain Structure and Function"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-023-02674-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00429-023-02674-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-023-02674-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T05:14:04Z","timestamp":1693458844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00429-023-02674-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2674"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-023-02674-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2239916\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1863-2661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study protocol was approved by Otsuma Women\u2019s University Review Bord (29\u2013002-2) and the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Review Board (a2017-021).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}]}}