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Even today, the regulation of moderate levels of stress by the central autonomic network (CAN), especially during pre- and post-natal periods, facilitates biological adaptability and is an essential precursor for the cognitive requisites of learning to read. Reading is a remarkable evolutionary achievement of the human brain, mysteriously unusual, because it is not pre-wired with a genetic address to facilitate its acquisition. There is no gene for reading. The review suggests that reading co-opts a brain circuit centered in the left hemisphere ventral occipital cortex that evolved as a domain-general visual processor. Its adoption by reading depends on the CAN\u2019s coordination of the learning and emotional requirements of learning to read at the metabolic, cellular, synaptic, and network levels. By stabilizing a child\u2019s self-control and modulating the attention network\u2019s inhibitory controls over the reading circuit, the CAN plays a key role in school readiness and learning to read. In addition, the review revealed two beneficial CAN evolutionary adjustments to early-life stress \u201coverloads\u201d that come with incidental costs of school under-performance and dyslexia. A short-term adaptation involving methylation of the FKBP5 and NR3C1 genes is a liability for academic achievement in primary school. The adaptation leading to dyslexia induces alterations in BDNF trafficking, promoting long-term adaptive fitness by protecting against excessive glucocorticoid toxicity but risks reading difficulties by disruptive signaling from the CAN to the attention networks and the reading circuit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-024-02766-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T10:01:56Z","timestamp":1709546516000},"page":"809-822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Early life stress, literacy and dyslexia: an evolutionary perspective"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"229","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0568-1218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R.","family":"Kershner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"118","key":"2766_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00118","volume":"10","author":"A Agorastos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agorastos A, Pervanidou P, Chrousos G, Baker D (2019) Developmental trajectories of early life stress and trauma: a narrative review on neurobiological aspects beyond stress system dysregulation. 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