{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T12:51:12Z","timestamp":1775998272227,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Research Council Discovery Project","award":["DP180101890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP180101890"]}]},{"name":"Australian Research Council Discovery Project","award":["DP180101890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP180101890"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001061","name":"Rebecca L. Cooper Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PG2018110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG2018110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001773","name":"University of New South Wales","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Struct Funct"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In mammals, the ventral respiratory column (VRC) plays a pivotal role in integrating neurochemically diverse inputs from brainstem and forebrain regions to generate respiratory motor patterns. VRC microinjection of the neuropeptide galanin has been reported to dampen carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>)-mediated chemoreflex responses. Additionally, we previously demonstrated that galaninergic neurons in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) are implicated in the adaptive response to hypercapnic stimuli, suggesting a link between RTN neuroplasticity and increased neuronal drive to the VRC. VRC neurons express galanin receptor 1, suggesting potential regulatory action by galanin, however, the precise galaninergic chemoreceptor-VRC circuitry remains to be determined. This study aimed to identify sources of galaninergic input to the VRC that contribute to central respiratory chemoreception. We employed a combination of retrograde neuronal tracing, in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry to investigate VRC-projecting neurons that synthesise galanin mRNA. In an additional series of experiments, we used acute hypercapnia exposure (10% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, 1\u00a0h) and c-Fos immunohistochemistry to ascertain which galaninergic nuclei projecting to the VRC are activated. Our findings reveal that a total of 30 brain nuclei and 51 subnuclei project to the VRC, with 12 of these containing galaninergic neurons, including the RTN. Among these galaninergic populations, only a subset of the RTN neurons (approximately 55%) exhibited activation in response to acute hypercapnia. Our findings highlight that the RTN is the likely source of galaninergic transmission to the VRC in response to hypercapnic stimuli.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-024-02782-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T04:02:04Z","timestamp":1712289724000},"page":"1121-1142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Galaninergic and hypercapnia-activated neuronal projections to the ventral respiratory column"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"229","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5584-197X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayse S.","family":"Dereli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7680-8310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice Y. S.","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9854-1029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"McMullan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4712-8792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha N.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2782_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.06.003","volume":"167","author":"SB Abbott","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abbott SB, Burke PG, Pilowsky PM (2009) Galanin microinjection into the preBotzinger or the Botzinger complex terminates central inspiratory activity and reduces responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in rat. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 167(3):299\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2009.06.003","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2782_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090940210","volume":"94","author":"M Abercrombie","year":"1946","unstructured":"Abercrombie M (1946) Estimation of nuclear population from microtome sections. Anat Rec 94:239\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.1090940210","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"2782_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.06.005","volume":"190","author":"GF Alheid","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alheid GF, Jiao W, McCrimmon DR (2011) Caudal nuclei of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract differentially innervate respiratory compartments within the ventrolateral medulla. Neuroscience 190:207\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.06.005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17204-5","volume":"7","author":"P Bankhead","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bankhead P, Loughrey MB, Fern\u00e1ndez JA, Dombrowski Y, McArt DG, Dunne PD, McQuaid S, Gray RT, Murray LJ, Coleman HG, James JA, Salto-Tellez M, Hamilton PW (2017) QuPath: open source software for digital pathology image analysis. Sci Rep 7(1):16878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-17204-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"13","key":"2782_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24471","volume":"526","author":"K Baur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baur K, Hach A, Bernardi RE, Spanagel R, Bading H, Bengtson CP (2018) c-Fos marking of identified midbrain neurons coactive after nicotine administration in-vivo. J Comp Neurol 526(13):2019\u20132031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.24471","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2782_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22769","volume":"520","author":"G Bochorishvili","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bochorishvili G, Stornetta RL, Coates MB, Guyenet PG (2012) Pre-Botzinger complex receives glutamatergic innervation from galaninergic and other retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons. J Comp Neurol 520(5):1047\u20131061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.22769","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2782_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-445X.2000.02053.x","volume":"85","author":"AG Boden","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boden AG, Harris MC, Parkes MJ (2000) The preoptic area in the hypothalamus is the source of the additional respiratory drive at raised body temperature in anaesthetised rats. Exp Physiol 85(5):527\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-445X.2000.02053.x","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23175","volume":"521","author":"BR Bowman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bowman BR, Kumar NN, Hassan SF, McMullan S, Goodchild AK (2013) Brain sources of inhibitory input to the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla. J Comp Neurol 521(1):213\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.23175","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"22","key":"2782_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5343","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276666","volume":"596","author":"NJ Burgraff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burgraff NJ, Neumueller SE, Buchholz K, Langer TM 3rd, Hodges MR, Pan L, Forster HV (2018) Ventilatory and integrated physiological responses to chronic hypercapnia in goats. J Physiol 596(22):5343\u20135363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP276666","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2782_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.01.065","volume":"167","author":"PG Burke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Burke PG, Abbott SB, McMullan S, Goodchild AK, Pilowsky PM (2010) Somatostatin selectively ablates post-inspiratory activity after injection into the B\u00f6tzinger complex. Neuroscience 167(2):528\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.01.065","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"2782_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240000453","volume":"441","author":"D Busselberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Busselberg D, Bischoff AM, Paton JF, Richter DW (2001) Reorganisation of respiratory network activity after loss of glycinergic inhibition. Pflugers Arch 441(4):444\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004240000453","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"2782_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016671","volume":"389","author":"GE Cox","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cox GE, Jordan D, Paton JF, Spyer KM, Wood LM (1987) Cardiovascular and phrenic nerve responses to stimulation of the amygdala central nucleus in the anaesthetized rabbit. J Physiol 389:541\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016671","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R57","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00024.2014","volume":"307","author":"RS Damasceno","year":"2014","unstructured":"Damasceno RS, Takakura AC, Moreira TS (2014) Regulation of the chemosensory control of breathing by Kolliker-Fuse neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 307(1):R57-67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00024.2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-8993(03)03005-1","volume":"982","author":"MS Dawid Milner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dawid Milner MS, Lara JP, Lopez de Miguel MP, Lopez-Gonzalez MV, Spyer KM, Gonzalez-Baron S (2003) A5 region modulation of the cardiorespiratory responses evoked from parabrachial cell bodies in the anaesthetised rat. Brain Res 982(1):108\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-8993(03)03005-1","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2782_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01343","volume":"13","author":"AS Dereli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dereli AS, Yaseen Z, Carrive P, Kumar NN (2019) Adaptation of respiratory-related brain regions to long-term hypercapnia: focus on neuropeptides in the RTN. Front Neurosci 13:1343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.01343","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91086-v","volume":"513","author":"HH Ellenberger","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ellenberger HH, Feldman JL (1990) Brainstem connections of the rostral ventral respiratory group of the rat. Brain Res 513(1):35\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91086-v","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2782_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(90)90030-k","volume":"35","author":"K Ezure","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ezure K (1990) Synaptic connections between medullary respiratory neurons and considerations on the genesis of respiratory rhythm. Prog Neurobiol 35(6):429\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0301-0082(90)90030-k","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2782_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.04.020","volume":"141","author":"K Ezure","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ezure K, Tanaka I (2006) Distribution and medullary projection of respiratory neurons in the dorsolateral pons of the rat. Neuroscience 141(2):1011\u20131023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.04.020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"26","key":"2782_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8941","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-26-08941.2003","volume":"23","author":"K Ezure","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ezure K, Tanaka I, Kondo M (2003) Glycine is used as a transmitter by decrementing expiratory neurons of the ventrolateral medulla in the rat. J Neurosci 23(26):8941\u20138948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-26-08941.2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2782_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24761","volume":"528","author":"EA Fazekas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fazekas EA, Morvai B, Zachar G, D\u00f3ra F, Sz\u00e9kely T, Pog\u00e1ny \u00c1, Dobolyi A (2020) Neuronal activation in zebra finch parents associated with reintroduction of nestlings. J Comp Neurol 528(3):363\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.24761","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2782_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1871","volume":"7","author":"JL Feldman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Feldman JL, Del Negro CA (2006) Looking for inspiration: new perspectives on respiratory rhythm. Nat Rev Neurosci 7(3):232\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn1871","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2782_CR22","volume-title":"The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates, compact","author":"KB Franklin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Franklin KB, Paxinos G (2007) The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates, compact. Elsevier, Amsterdam"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2782_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(95)00049-x","volume":"56","author":"S Gang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gang S, Sato Y, Kohama I, Aoki M (1995) Afferent projections to the Botzinger complex from the upper cervical cord and other respiratory related structures in the brainstem in cats: retrograde WGA-HRP tracing. J Auton Nerv Syst 56(1\u20132):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-1838(95)00049-x","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"2782_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20993","volume":"497","author":"JC Geerling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Geerling JC, Loewy AD (2006) Aldosterone-sensitive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract: efferent projections. J Comp Neurol 497(2):223\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.20993","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R41","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00094.2015","volume":"310","author":"JC Geerling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Geerling JC, Kim M, Mahoney CE, Abbott SB, Agostinelli LJ, Garfield AS, Krashes MJ, Lowell BB, Scammell TE (2016) Genetic identity of thermosensory relay neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 310(1):R41-54. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00094.2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"5444","key":"2782_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5444.1566","volume":"286","author":"PA Gray","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gray PA, Rekling JC, Bocchiaro CM, Feldman JL (1999) Modulation of respiratory frequency by peptidergic input to rhythmogenic neurons in the preBotzinger complex. Science 286(5444):1566\u20131568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.286.5444.1566","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"16","key":"2782_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24698","volume":"527","author":"MCR Gumbs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gumbs MCR, Vuuregge AH, Eggels L, Unmehopa UA, Lamuadni K, Mul JD, la Fleur SE (2019) Afferent neuropeptide Y projections to the ventral tegmental area in normal-weight male Wistar rats. J Comp Neurol 527(16):2659\u20132674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.24698","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"39","key":"2782_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8938","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2415-05.2005","volume":"25","author":"PG Guyenet","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guyenet PG, Mulkey DK, Stornetta RL, Bayliss DA (2005) Regulation of ventral surface chemoreceptors by the central respiratory pattern generator. J Neurosci 25(39):8938\u20138947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.2415-05.2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2782_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.09.002","volume":"42","author":"PG Guyenet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guyenet PG, Stornetta RL, Souza G, Abbott SBG, Shi Y, Bayliss DA (2019) The retrotrapezoid nucleus: central chemoreceptor and regulator of breathing automaticity. Trends Neurosci 42(11):807\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2019.09.002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2782_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5650","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)67644-1","volume":"266","author":"JW Haycock","year":"1991","unstructured":"Haycock JW, Haycock DA (1991) Tyrosine hydroxylase in rat brain dopaminergic nerve terminals. Multiple-site phosphorylation in vivo and in synaptosomes. J Biol Chem 266(9):5650\u20135657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)67644-1","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2782_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02423514","volume":"81","author":"C Jiang","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jiang C, Lipski J (1990) Extensive monosynaptic inhibition of ventral respiratory group neurons by augmenting neurons in the Botzinger complex in the cat. Exp Brain Res 81(3):639\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02423514","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2782_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00609","volume":"7","author":"F Joubert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joubert F, Loiseau C, Perrin-Terrin AS, Cayetanot F, Frugiere A, Voituron N, Bodineau L (2016) Key brainstem structures activated during hypoxic exposure in one-day-old mice highlight characteristics for modeling breathing network in premature infants. Front Physiol 7:609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2016.00609","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2782_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2018.00100","volume":"12","author":"M Kaneshige","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaneshige M, Shibata KI, Matsubayashi J, Mitani A, Furuta T (2018) A descending circuit derived from the superior colliculus modulates vibrissal movements. Front Neural Circuits 12:100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncir.2018.00100","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"issue":"2","key":"2782_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02723.x","volume":"91","author":"JW Kansy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kansy JW, Daubner SC, Nishi A, Sotogaku N, Lloyd MD, Nguyen C, Lu L, Haycock JW, Hope BT, Fitzpatrick PF, Bibb JA (2004) Identification of tyrosine hydroxylase as a physiological substrate for Cdk5. J Neurochem 91(2):374\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02723.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"18","key":"2782_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7627","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0173-13.2013","volume":"33","author":"S Kaur","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaur S, Pedersen NP, Yokota S, Hur EE, Fuller PM, Lazarus M et al (2013) Glutamatergic signaling from the parabrachial nucleus plays a critical role in hypercapnic arousal. J Neurosci 33(18):7627\u20137640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0173-13.2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2782_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/s1569-9048(02)00131-3","volume":"133","author":"P Kc","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kc P, Haxhiu MA, Tolentino-Silva FP, Wu M, Trouth CO, Mack SO (2002) Paraventricular vasopressin-containing neurons project to brain stem and spinal cord respiratory-related sites. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 133(1\u20132):75\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1569-9048(02)00131-3","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2782_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.02.012","volume":"167","author":"DD Kline","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kline DD, King TL, Austgen JR, Heesch CM, Hasser EM (2010) Sensory afferent and hypoxia-mediated activation of nucleus tractus solitarius neurons that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Neuroscience 167(2):510\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.02.012","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7701","key":"2782_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0027-0","volume":"556","author":"J Kohl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kohl J, Babayan BM, Rubinstein ND, Autry AE, Marin-Rodriguez B, Kapoor V et al (2018) Functional circuit architecture underlying parental behaviour. Nature 556(7701):326\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0027-0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6742","key":"2782_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/22540","volume":"400","author":"N Koshiya","year":"1999","unstructured":"Koshiya N, Smith JC (1999) Neuronal pacemaker for breathing visualized in vitro. Nature 400(6742):360\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/22540","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2782_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-897-9_2","volume":"70","author":"NN Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar NN, Bowman BR, Goodchild AK (2012) Combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in rat brain tissue using digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes. Neuromethods 70:31\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-61779-897-9_2","journal-title":"Neuromethods"},{"issue":"4","key":"2782_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2004.06.004","volume":"28","author":"E Kuteeva","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kuteeva E, Calza L, Holmberg K, Theodorsson E, Ogren SO, Hokfelt T (2004) Distribution of galanin and galanin transcript in the brain of a galanin-overexpressing transgenic mouse. J Chem Neuroanat 28(4):185\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2004.06.004","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"issue":"5","key":"2782_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.62.5.1924","volume":"62","author":"S Lahiri","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lahiri S, Mulligan E, Andronikou S, Shirahata M, Mokashi A (1987) Carotid body chemosensory function in prolonged normobaric hyperoxia in the cat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 62(5):1924\u20131931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1987.62.5.1924","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2782_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2017.01.007","volume":"239","author":"TM Langer 3rd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Langer TM 3rd, Neumueller SE, Crumley E, Burgraff NJ, Talwar S, Hodges MR et al (2017a) Effects on breathing of agonists to mu-opioid or GABAA receptors dialyzed into the ventral respiratory column of awake and sleeping goats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 239:10\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2017.01.007","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2782_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00619.2016","volume":"122","author":"TM Langer 3rd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Langer TM 3rd, Neumueller SE, Crumley E, Burgraff NJ, Talwar S, Hodges MR et al (2017) State-dependent and independent effects of dialyzing excitatory neuromodulator receptor antagonists into the ventral respiratory column. J Appl Physiol (1985) 122(2):327\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00619.2016","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22136","volume":"517","author":"RM Lazarenko","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lazarenko RM, Milner TA, Depuy SD, Stornetta RL, West GH, Kievits JA et al (2009) Acid sensitivity and ultrastructure of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in Phox2b-EGFP transgenic mice. J Comp Neurol 517(1):69\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.22136","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2782_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23912","volume":"524","author":"S Le","year":"2016","unstructured":"Le S, Turner AJ, Parker LM, Burke PG, Kumar NN, Goodchild AK, McMullan S (2016) Somatostatin 2a receptors are not expressed on functionally identified respiratory neurons in the ventral respiratory column of the rat. J Comp Neurol 524(7):1384\u20131398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.23912","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2782_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.09.007","volume":"185","author":"N Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li N, Li A, Nattie E (2013) Focal microdialysis of CO(2) in the perifornical-hypothalamic area increases ventilation during wakefulness but not NREM sleep. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 185(2):349\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resp.2012.09.007","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"7590","key":"2782_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16964","volume":"530","author":"P Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li P, Janczewski WA, Yackle K, Kam K, Pagliardini S, Krasnow MA, Feldman JL (2016) The peptidergic control circuit for sighing. Nature 530(7590):293\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature16964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03099.x","volume":"19","author":"YY Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu YY, Wong-Riley MT, Liu JP, Wei XY, Jia Y, Liu HL et al (2004) Substance P and enkephalinergic synapses onto neurokinin-1 receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the pre-Botzinger complex of rats. Eur J Neurosci 19(1):65\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03099.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00522.2006","volume":"102","author":"SO Mack","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mack SO, Wu M, Kc P, Haxhiu MA (2007) Stimulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus modulates cardiorespiratory responses via oxytocinergic innervation of neurons in pre-Botzinger complex. J Appl Physiol (1985) 102(1):189\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00522.2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H34","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00350.2019","volume":"318","author":"AB Marciante","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marciante AB, Wang LA, Little JT, Cunningham JT (2020) Caspase lesions of PVN-projecting MnPO neurons block the sustained component of CIH-induced hypertension in adult male rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 318(1):H34\u2013H48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.00350.2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2782_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2018.05.004","volume":"143","author":"R Morinaga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morinaga R, Nakamuta N, Yamamoto Y (2019) Serotonergic projections to the ventral respiratory column from raphe nuclei in rats. Neurosci Res 143:20\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neures.2018.05.004","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2782_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00884.2014","volume":"118","author":"C Muere","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muere C, Neumueller S, Olesiak S, Miller J, Hodges MR, Pan L, Forster HV (2015a) Blockade of neurokinin-1 receptors in the ventral respiratory column does not affect breathing but alters neurochemical release. J Appl Physiol (1985) 118(6):732\u2013741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00884.2014","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2782_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00145.2015","volume":"119","author":"C Muere","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muere C, Neumueller S, Olesiak S, Miller J, Langer T, Hodges MR et al (2015b) Combined unilateral blockade of cholinergic, peptidergic, and serotonergic receptors in the ventral respiratory column does not affect breathing in awake or sleeping goats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 119(3):308\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00145.2015","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"12","key":"2782_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1357","volume":"7","author":"DK Mulkey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mulkey DK, Stornetta RL, Weston MC, Simmons JR, Parker A, Bayliss DA, Guyenet PG (2004) Respiratory control by ventral surface chemoreceptor neurons in rats. Nat Neurosci 7(12):1360\u20131369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1357","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"51","key":"2782_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14049","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4254-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"DK Mulkey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mulkey DK, Talley EM, Stornetta RL, Siegel AR, West GH, Chen X, Sen N, Mistry AM, Guyenet PG, Bayliss DA (2007) TASK channels determine pH sensitivity in select respiratory neurons but do not contribute to central respiratory chemosensitivity. J Neurosci 27(51):14049\u201314058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4254-07.2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2782_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63401","volume":"122","author":"M Nagashimada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nagashimada M, Ohta H, Li C, Nakao K, Uesaka T, Brunet JF et al (2012) Autonomic neurocristopathy-associated mutations in Phox2b dysregulate Sox10 expression. J Clin Invest 122(9):3145\u20133158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI63401","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"2782_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01128.2001","volume":"92","author":"EE Nattie","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nattie EE, Li A (2002) CO(2) dialysis in nucleus tractus solitarius region of rat increases ventilation in sleep and wakefulness. J Appl Physiol (1985) 92(5):2119\u20132130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01128.2001","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2782_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01261.2009","volume":"108","author":"E Nattie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nattie E, Li A (2010) Central chemoreception in wakefulness and sleep: evidence for a distributed network and a role for orexin. J Appl Physiol (1985) 108(5):1417\u20131424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.01261.2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100083","volume":"2","author":"E Nattie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nattie E, Li A (2012) Central chemoreceptors: locations and functions. Compr Physiol 2(1):221\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c100083","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-3806(99)00010-3","volume":"114","author":"I Nitsos","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nitsos I, Walker DW (1999) The distribution of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem, midbrain and diencephalon of fetal sheep in response to acute hypoxia in mid and late gestation. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 114(1):9\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-3806(99)00010-3","journal-title":"Brain Res Dev Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2782_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25178","volume":"83","author":"WP Nobis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nobis WP, Schuele S, Templer JW, Zhou G, Lane G, Rosenow JM, Zelano C (2018) Amygdala-stimulation-induced apnea is attention and nasal-breathing dependent. Ann Neurol 83(3):460\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.25178","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2782_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(93)90042-s","volume":"42","author":"PA Nunez-Abades","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nunez-Abades PA, Morillo AM, Pasaro R (1993) Brainstem connections of the rat ventral respiratory subgroups: afferent projections. J Auton Nerv Syst 42(2):99\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-1838(93)90042-s","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"2782_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903240307","volume":"324","author":"K Otake","year":"1992","unstructured":"Otake K, Ezure K, Lipski J, Wong She RB (1992) Projections from the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract: an anterograde tracing study in the cat. J Comp Neurol 324(3):365\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.903240307","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2782_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.12.032","volume":"126","author":"I Ozaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ozaki I, Kurata K (2015) The effects of voluntary control of respiration on the excitability of the primary motor hand area, evaluated by end-tidal CO(2) monitoring. Clin Neurophysiol 126(11):2162\u20132169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.12.032","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2782_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00663","volume":"12","author":"P Pouget","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pouget P, Allard E, Poitou T, Raux M, Wattiez N, Similowski T (2018) Slower is higher: threshold modulation of cortical activity in voluntary control of breathing initiation. Front Neurosci 12:663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00663","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2782_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5271-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"K Ptak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ptak K, Yamanishi T, Aungst J, Milescu LS, Zhang R, Richerson GB, Smith JC (2009) Raphe neurons stimulate respiratory circuit activity by multiple mechanisms via endogenously released serotonin and substance P. J Neurosci 29(12):3720\u20133737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5271-08.2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2782_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.60.1.385","volume":"60","author":"JC Rekling","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rekling JC, Feldman JL (1998) PreBotzinger complex and pacemaker neurons: hypothesized site and kernel for respiratory rhythm generation. Annu Rev Physiol 60:385\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.physiol.60.1.385","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2782_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.05.014","volume":"66","author":"JL Ribas-Salgueiro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ribas-Salgueiro JL, Gaytan SP, Ribas J, Pasaro R (2005) Characterization of efferent projections of chemosensitive neurons in the caudal parapyramidal area of the rat brain. Brain Res Bull 66(3):235\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.05.014","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"2782_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(96)00042-8","volume":"67","author":"DW Richter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Richter DW, Pierrefiche O, Lalley PM, Polder HR (1996) Voltage-clamp analysis of neurons within deep layers of the brain. J Neurosci Methods 67(2):121\u2013123","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2782_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.03.059","volume":"1350","author":"L Rinaman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rinaman L (2010) Ascending projections from the caudal visceral nucleus of the solitary tract to brain regions involved in food intake and energy expenditure. Brain Res 1350:18\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.03.059","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21105","volume":"499","author":"DL Rosin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rosin DL, Chang DA, Guyenet PG (2006) Afferent and efferent connections of the rat retrotrapezoid nucleus. J Comp Neurol 499(1):64\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.21105","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2782_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00897","volume":"13","author":"C Saleeba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saleeba C, Dempsey B, Le S, Goodchild A, McMullan S (2019) A student\u2019s guide to neural circuit tracing. Front Neurosci 13:897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00897","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411010120010101","volume":"12","author":"A Sawczuk","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sawczuk A, Mosier KM (2001) Neural control of tongue movement with respect to respiration and swallowing. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 12(1):18\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10454411010120010101","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"2782_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13505.x","volume":"109","author":"KE Schaefer","year":"1963","unstructured":"Schaefer KE (1963) Respiratory adaptation to chronic hypercapnia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 109:772\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13505.x","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2782_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1963.18.6.1071","volume":"18","author":"KE Schaefer","year":"1963","unstructured":"Schaefer KE, Hastings BJ, Carey CR, Nichols G Jr (1963) Respiratory acclimatization to carbon dioxide. J Appl Physiol 18:1071\u20131078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1963.18.6.1071","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"2782_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24523","volume":"526","author":"M Senthilkumaran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Senthilkumaran M, Bobrovskaya L, Verberne AJM, Llewellyn-Smith IJ (2018) Insulin-responsive autonomic neurons in rat medulla oblongata. J Comp Neurol 526(16):2665\u20132682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.24523","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"7842","key":"2782_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2991-4","volume":"589","author":"Y Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi Y, Stornetta DS, Reklow RJ, Sahu A, Wabara Y, Nguyen A, Li K, Zhang Y, Perez-Reyes E, Ross RA, Lowell BB, Stornetta RL, Funk GD, Guyenet PG, Bayliss DA (2021) A brainstem peptide system activated at birth protects postnatal breathing. Nature 589(7842):426\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2991-4","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5032","key":"2782_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1683005","volume":"254","author":"JC Smith","year":"1991","unstructured":"Smith JC, Ellenberger HH, Ballanyi K, Richter DW, Feldman JL (1991) Pre-Botzinger complex: a brainstem region that may generate respiratory rhythm in mammals. Science 254(5032):726\u2013729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1683005","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2782_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-5687(00)00155-9","volume":"122","author":"JC Smith","year":"2000","unstructured":"Smith JC, Butera RJ, Koshiya N, Del Negro C, Wilson CG, Johnson SM (2000) Respiratory rhythm generation in neonatal and adult mammals: the hybrid pacemaker-network model. Respir Physiol 122(2\u20133):131\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0034-5687(00)00155-9","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"issue":"1529","key":"2782_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0081","volume":"364","author":"JC Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith JC, Abdala AP, Rybak IA, Paton JF (2009) Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the mammalian brainstem. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364(1529):2577\u20132587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2009.0081","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22723","volume":"520","author":"D Spirovski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Spirovski D, Li Q, Pilowsky PM (2012) Brainstem galanin-synthesizing neurons are differentially activated by chemoreceptor stimuli and represent a subpopulation of respiratory neurons. J Comp Neurol 520(1):154\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.22723","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2782_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.103788","volume":"572","author":"AC Takakura","year":"2006","unstructured":"Takakura AC, Moreira TS, Colombari E, West GH, Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG (2006) Peripheral chemoreceptor inputs to retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) CO(2)-sensitive neurons in rats. J Physiol 572(Pt 2):503\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.103788","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2782_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12550","author":"L Tenorio-Lopes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tenorio-Lopes L, Henry MS, Marques D, Tremblay ME, Drolet G, Bretzner F, Kinkead R (2017) Neonatal maternal separation opposes the facilitatory effect of castration on the respiratory response to hypercapnia of the adult male rat: evidence for the involvement of the medial amygdala. J Neuroendocrinol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.12550","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2782_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19971117)388:2","volume":"388","author":"LJ Teppema","year":"1997","unstructured":"Teppema LJ, Veening JG, Kranenburg A, Dahan A, Berkenbosch A, Olievier C (1997) Expression of c-Fos in the rat brainstem after exposure to hypoxia and to normoxic and hyperoxic hypercapnia. J Comp Neurol 388(2):169\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19971117)388:2","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2782_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/18.3.139","volume":"18","author":"RR Terreberry","year":"1995","unstructured":"Terreberry RR, Oguri M, Harper RM (1995) State-dependent respiratory and cardiac relationships with neuronal discharge in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Sleep 18(3):139\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/18.3.139","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2782_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050612","volume":"124","author":"GF Tian","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tian GF, Peever JH, Duffin J (1999) Botzinger-complex, bulbospinal expiratory neurones monosynaptically inhibit ventral-group respiratory neurones in the decerebrate rat. Exp Brain Res 124(2):173\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002210050612","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2782_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.02.028","volume":"1208","author":"TA Verner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Verner TA, Pilowsky PM, Goodchild AK (2008) Retrograde projections to a discrete apneic site in the midline medulla oblongata of the rat. Brain Res 1208:128\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.02.028","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2782_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20076","volume":"473","author":"MC Weston","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weston MC, Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG (2004) Glutamatergic neuronal projections from the marginal layer of the rostral ventral medulla to the respiratory centers in rats. J Comp Neurol 473(1):73\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.20076","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"7500","key":"2782_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13307","volume":"509","author":"Z Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu Z, Autry AE, Bergan JF, Watabe-Uchida M, Dulac CG (2014) Galanin neurons in the medial preoptic area govern parental behaviour. Nature 509(7500):325\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature13307","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"2782_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23720","volume":"523","author":"S Yokota","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yokota S, Kaur S, VanderHorst VG, Saper CB, Chamberlin NL (2015) Respiratory-related outputs of glutamatergic, hypercapnia-responsive parabrachial neurons in mice. J Comp Neurol 523(6):907\u2013920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.23720","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2782_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00914.2004","volume":"98","author":"JK Young","year":"2005","unstructured":"Young JK, Wu M, Manaye KF, Kc P, Allard JS, Mack SO, Haxhiu MA (2005) Orexin stimulates breathing via medullary and spinal pathways. J Appl Physiol (1985) 98(4):1387\u20131395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00914.2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"}],"container-title":["Brain Structure and Function"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-024-02782-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00429-024-02782-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-024-02782-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T17:03:04Z","timestamp":1717434184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00429-024-02782-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-024-02782-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Experiments were performed on adult male wild type (C57BL6\/J) mice, reviewed and approved by the animal ethics committees of UNSW Sydney (ACEC 19\/98A) and Macquarie University (ACEC 2018-024), in accordance with the Australian Code for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes (National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}]}}