{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:19:37Z","timestamp":1777439977781,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Leiden University Centre for Linguistics"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["[Grant #100014_182381]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[Grant #100014_182381]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NCCR Evolving Language, Swiss National Science Foundation","award":["[Agreement #51NF40_180888]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[Agreement #51NF40_180888]"]}]},{"name":"NWO Graduate Programme"},{"name":"Marie Jahoda Grant from the University of Vienna"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003065","name":"University of Vienna","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Struct Funct"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Why is it that some people seem to learn new languages faster and more easily than others? The present study investigates the neuroanatomical basis of language learning aptitude, with a focus on the multiplication pattern of the transverse temporal gyrus\/gyri (TTG\/TTGs) of the auditory cortex. The size and multiplication pattern of the first TTG (i.e., Heschl\u2019s gyrus; HG) and of additional posterior TTGs, when present, are highly variable both between brain hemispheres and individuals. Previous work has shown the multiplication pattern of the TTGs to be related to musical and linguistic abilities. Specifically, one study found that high language learning aptitude correlated with more TTGs in the right hemisphere, even though language functions are generally left-lateralized. In this study, we used the recently developed TASH (Toolbox for the Automated Segmentation of Heschl\u2019s Gyrus) and MCAI (Multivariate Concavity Amplitude Index) toolboxes to automatically extract structural (e.g., cortical volume, surface area, thickness) and multiplication pattern measures of the TTGs from 82 MRI scans, and related them to participants\u2019 language aptitude scores. In contrast to previous results, we found that higher language aptitude was related to <jats:italic>fewer<\/jats:italic> TTGs in the right hemisphere and to greater surface area of the first right TTG and of the second left TTG. Furthermore, more languages learned in life were associated with higher language learning aptitude, opening up questions about the structure\u2013function relationship of the TTGs and language learning, and about how language aptitude and language learning are related.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-024-02883-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T16:57:42Z","timestamp":1734627462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Language aptitude is related to the anatomy of the transverse temporal gyri"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Ramoser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aileen","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanneke","family":"Caspers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niels O.","family":"Schiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narly","family":"Golestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Kepinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2883_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5717","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22579","volume":"35","author":"I Altarelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Altarelli I, Leroy F, Monzalvo K, Fluss J, Billard C, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Galaburda AM, Ramus F (2014) Planum temporale asymmetry in developmental dyslexia: revisiting an old question. Hum Brain Mapp 35(12):5717\u20135735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.22579","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"3","key":"2883_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(03)00019-4","volume":"36","author":"A Baddeley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baddeley A (2003) Working memory and language: an overview. J Commun Disord 36(3):189\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9924(03)00019-4","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2883_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.1.158","volume":"105","author":"A Baddeley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baddeley A, Gathercole S, Papagno C (1998) The phonological loop as a language learning device. Psychol Rev 105(1):158\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.105.1.158","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2883_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates D, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"2883_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Ser B Methodol 57(1):289\u2013300","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B Methodol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2883_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1419-x","volume":"222","author":"J Benner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benner J, Wengenroth M, Reinhardt J, Stippich C, Schneider P, Blatow M (2017) Prevalence and function of Heschl\u2019s gyrus morphotypes in musicians. Brain Struct Funct 222(8):3587\u20133603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-017-1419-x","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"1","key":"2883_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.14746\/ssllt.2015.5.1.2","volume":"5","author":"A Biedro\u0144","year":"2015","unstructured":"Biedro\u0144 A (2015) Neurology of foreign language aptitude. Stud Second Lang Learn Teach 5(1):13\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14746\/ssllt.2015.5.1.2","journal-title":"Stud Second Lang Learn Teach"},{"issue":"2","key":"2883_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1017\/S0261444815000439","volume":"49","author":"A Biedro\u0144","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biedro\u0144 A, Pawlak M (2016) New conceptualizations of linguistic giftedness. Lang Teach 49(2):151\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0261444815000439","journal-title":"Lang Teach"},{"issue":"3","key":"2883_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00111","volume":"4","author":"L Blockmans","year":"2023","unstructured":"Blockmans L, Golestani N, Dalboni Da Rocha JL, Wouters J, Ghesqui\u00e8re P, Vandermosten M (2023) Role of family risk and of pre-reading auditory and neurostructural measures in predicting reading outcome. Neurobiol Lang 4(3):474\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/nol_a_00111","journal-title":"Neurobiol Lang"},{"key":"2883_CR10","first-page":"867","volume-title":"Individual differences and universals in language learning aptitude, 117th ed","author":"JB Carroll","year":"1981","unstructured":"Carroll JB (1981) Twenty-five years of research on foreign language aptitude. In: Diller KC (ed) Individual differences and universals in language learning aptitude, 117th ed, vol 83. Newbury House, pp 867\u2013873"},{"issue":"1","key":"2883_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410010109","volume":"1","author":"JG Chi","year":"1977","unstructured":"Chi JG, Dooling EC, Gilles FH (1977) Gyral development of the human brain. Ann Neurol 1(1):86\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410010109","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2883_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2012.00718.x","volume":"62","author":"W Coventry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coventry W, Ant\u00f3n-M\u00e9ndez I, Ellis EM, Levisen C, Byrne B, Van Daal VHP, Ellis NC (2012) The etiology of individual differences in second language acquisition in Australian school students: a behavior-genetic study. Lang Learn 62(3):880\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2012.00718.x","journal-title":"Lang Learn"},{"key":"2883_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60609-y","author":"JL Dalboni da Rocha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dalboni da Rocha JL, Schneider P, Benner J, Santoro R, Atanasova T, Van De Ville D, Golestani N (2020) TASH: Toolbox for the automated segmentation of Heschl\u2019s gyrus. Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-60609-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2883_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120052","volume":"272","author":"JL Dalboni da Rocha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dalboni da Rocha JL, Kepinska O, Schneider P, Benner J, Degano G, Schneider L, Golestani N (2023) Multivariate concavity amplitude index (MCAI) for characterizing Heschl\u2019s gyrus shape. Neuroimage 272:120052\u2013120052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120052","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"2883_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610368060","volume":"21","author":"PS Dale","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dale PS, Harlaar N, Haworth CMA, Plomin R (2010) Two by two: a twin study of second-language acquisition. Psychol Sci 21(5):635\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797610368060","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2883_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470756492.ch18","volume-title":"The handbook of second language acquisition","author":"Z D\u00f6rnyei","year":"2003","unstructured":"D\u00f6rnyei Z, Skehan P (2003) Individual differences in second language learning. The handbook of second language acquisition. Wiley, pp 589\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470756492.ch18"},{"issue":"3","key":"2883_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-596X(02)00533-8","volume":"48","author":"W Duyck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Duyck W, Szmalec A, Kemps E, Vandierendonck A (2003) Verbal working memory is involved in associative word learning unless visual codes are available. J Mem Lang 48(3):527\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0749-596X(02)00533-8","journal-title":"J Mem Lang"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2883_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1980.tb00888.x","volume":"29","author":"M Eisenstein","year":"1980","unstructured":"Eisenstein M (1980) Childhood bilingualism and adult language learning aptitude. Appl Psychol 29(1\u20132):159\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1980.tb00888.x","journal-title":"Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2883_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg087","volume":"14","author":"B Fischl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fischl B, Van Der Kouwe A, Destrieux C, Halgren E, S\u00e9gonne F, Salat DH, Busa E, Seidman LJ, Goldstein J, Kennedy D, Caviness V, Makris N, Rosen B, Dale AM (2004) Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 14(1):11\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhg087","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"8","key":"2883_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm225","volume":"18","author":"B Fischl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fischl B, Rajendran N, Busa E, Augustinack J, Hinds O, Yeo BTT, Mohlberg H, Amunts K, Zilles K (2008) Cortical folding patterns and predicting cytoarchitecture. Cereb Cortex 18(8):1973\u20131980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhm225","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"4","key":"2883_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.019","volume":"97","author":"NA Francis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Francis NA, Winkowski DE, Sheikhattar A, Armengol K, Babadi B, Kanold PO (2018) Small networks encode decision-making in primary auditory cortex. Neuron 97(4):885-897.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"2883_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410180210","volume":"18","author":"AM Galaburda","year":"1985","unstructured":"Galaburda AM, Sherman GF, Rosen GD, Aboitiz F, Geschwind N (1985) Developmental dyslexia: four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies. Ann Neurol 18(2):222\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410180210","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2883_CR23","first-page":"145","volume":"90","author":"N Geschwind","year":"1968","unstructured":"Geschwind N, Levitsky W (1968) References and notes. BroaJhbent Quart J Exls Psy\u2019chol 90:145\u2013145","journal-title":"BroaJhbent Quart J Exls Psy\u2019chol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2883_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhk001","volume":"17","author":"N Golestani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Golestani N, Molko N, Dehaene S, LeBihan D, Pallier C (2007) Brain structure predicts the learning of foreign speech sounds. Cereb Cortex 17(3):575\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhk001","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"11","key":"2883_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3891-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"N Golestani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Golestani N, Price CJ, Scott SK (2011) Born with an ear for dialects? Structural plasticity in the expert phonetician brain. J Neurosci 31(11):4213\u20134220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3891-10.2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2883_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay6690","author":"KL Grasby","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grasby KL, Jahanshad N, Painter JN, Colodro-Conde L, Bralten J, Hibar DP, Lind PA, Pizzagalli F, Ching CRK, McMahon MAB, Shatokhina N, Zsembik LCP, Thomopoulos SI, Zhu AH, Strike LT, Agartz I, Alhusaini S, Almeida MAA, Aln\u00e6s D, Medland SE (2020) The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex. Science. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aay6690","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2883_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/0026-7902.00076","volume":"84","author":"EL Grigorenko","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grigorenko EL, Sternberg RJ, Ehrman ME (2000) A theory-based approach to the measurement of foreign language learning ability: the CANAL-F theory and test. Mod Lang J 84(3):390\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/0026-7902.00076","journal-title":"Mod Lang J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2883_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263197003045","volume":"19","author":"B Harley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Harley B, Hart D (1997) Language aptitude and second language proficiency in classroom learners of different starting ages. Stud Second Lang Acquis 19(3):379\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0272263197003045","journal-title":"Stud Second Lang Acquis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2883_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-020-00079-z","volume":"6","author":"SA Hart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hart SA, Little C, Van Bergen E (2021) Nurture might be nature: cautionary tales and proposed solutions. Npj Sci Learn 6(1):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41539-020-00079-z","journal-title":"Npj Sci Learn"},{"key":"2883_CR30","unstructured":"Hausser J, Strimmer K (2021) Entropy: estimation of entropy, mutual information and related quantities"},{"key":"2883_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(00)00043-3","volume":"98","author":"NA Honeycutt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Honeycutt NA, Musick A, Barta PE, Pearlson GD (2000) Measurement of the planum temporale PT on magnetic resonance imaging scans: temporal PT alone and with parietal extension. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging Sect 98:103116\u2013103116","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging Sect"},{"key":"2883_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.15441","volume":"5","author":"Y Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang Y, Matysiak A, Heil P, K\u00f6nig R, Brosch M (2016) Persistent neural activity in auditory cortex is related to auditory working memory in humans and nonhuman primates. Elife 5:e15441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.15441","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"6","key":"2883_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410280602","volume":"28","author":"P Humphreys","year":"1990","unstructured":"Humphreys P, Kaufmann WE, Galaburda AM (1990) Developmental dyslexia in women: neuropathological findings in three patients. Ann Neurol 28(6):727\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.410280602","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2883_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.014","volume":"98","author":"O Kepinska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kepinska O, de Rover M, Caspers J, Schiller NO (2017a) On neural correlates of individual differences in novel grammar learning: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 98:156\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2883_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.015","volume":"320","author":"O Kepinska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kepinska O, de Rover M, Caspers J, Schiller NO (2017b) Whole-brain functional connectivity during acquisition of novel grammar: distinct functional networks depend on language learning abilities. Behav Brain Res 320:333\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.12.015","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"2883_CR305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl\/2017.10.003","volume":"175","author":"O Kepinska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kepinska O, Pereda E, Caspers J, Schiller NO (2017c) Neural oscillatory mechanisms during novel grammar learning underlying language analytical abilities. Brain Lang 175:99\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandl\/2017.10.003","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2883_CR302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2017.07.003","volume":"144","author":"O Kepinska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kepinska O, Lakke EAJF, Dutton EM, Caspers J, Schiller NO (2017d) The perisylvian language network and language analytical abilities. Neurobiol Learn Mem 144:96\u2013101","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"2883_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.09.058","volume":"165","author":"O Kepinska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kepinska O, de Rover M, Caspers J, Schiller NO (2018) Connectivity of the hippocampus and Broca\u2019s area during acquisition of a novel grammar. NeuroImage 165:1\u2013100","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2883_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.90269.1","author":"O Kepinska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kepinska O, Dalboni Da Rocha J, Tuerk C, Hervais-Adelman A, Bouhali F, Green D, Price CJ, Golestani N (2023) Auditory cortex anatomy reflects multilingual phonological experience [Preprint]. Elife. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.90269.1","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2883_CR301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.11.610780","author":"O Kepinska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kepinska O, Bouhali F, Degano G, Berthele R, Tanaka H, Hoeft F, Golestani N (2024) Intergenerational transmission of the structure of the auditory cortex and reading skills (p. 2024.09.11.610780). bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.09.11.610780","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"16","key":"2883_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4492","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4341-14.2016","volume":"36","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar S, Joseph S, Gander PE, Barascud N, Halpern AR, Griffiths TD (2016) A brain system for auditory working memory. J Neurosci 36(16):4492\u20134505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4341-14.2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2883_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.2.148","volume":"11","author":"CM Leonard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leonard CM, Eckert MA, Lombardino LJ, Oakland T, Kranzler J, Mohr CM, King WM, Freeman A (2001) Anatomical risk factors for phonological dyslexia. Cerebral Cortex 11:148\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/11.2.148","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"2883_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/amu054","volume":"36","author":"S Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li S (2015) The associations between language aptitude and second language grammar acquisition: a meta-analytic review of five decades of research. Appl Linguis 36(3):385\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/applin\/amu054","journal-title":"Appl Linguis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2883_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.7.754","volume":"9","author":"G Lohmann","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lohmann G (1999) Sulcal variability of twins. Cereb Cortex 9(7):754\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/9.7.754","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2883_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109290","author":"CLR L\u00f3pez Ram\u00f3n y Cajal","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez Ram\u00f3n y Cajal CLR (2019) Antenatal study of the Heschl\u2019s gyrus: the first step to understanding prenatal learning. Med Hypotheses. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109290","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"2","key":"2883_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-013-0680-x","volume":"220","author":"D Marie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marie D, Jobard G, Crivello F, Perchey G, Petit L, Mellet E, Joliot M, Zago L, Mazoyer B, Tzourio-Mazoyer N (2015) Descriptive anatomy of Heschl\u2019s gyri in 430 healthy volunteers, including 198 left-handers. Brain Struct Funct 220(2):729\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-013-0680-x","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2883_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00225","author":"M Moerel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moerel M, De Martino F, Formisano E (2014) An anatomical and functional topography of human auditory cortical areas. Front Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2014.00225","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2883_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aar6830","volume":"4","author":"S Ocklenburg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ocklenburg S, Friedrich P, Fraenz C, Schl\u00fcter C, Beste C, G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn O, Gen\u00e7 E (2018) Neurite architecture of the planum temporale predicts neurophysiological processing of auditory speech. Sci Adv 4(7):eaar6830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aar6830","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"2883_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749508401378","volume":"48","author":"C Papagno","year":"1995","unstructured":"Papagno C, Vallar G (1995) Verbal short-term memory and vocabulary learning in polyglots. Q J Exp Psychol Sect A 48(1):98\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14640749508401378","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol Sect A"},{"key":"2883_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penhune VB, Zatorre RJ, Macdonald JD, Evans AC (1996) Interhemispheric anatomical differences in human primary auditory cortex: probabilistic mapping and volume measurement from magnetic resonance scans. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/6\/5\/661\/497934","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.5.661"},{"issue":"6","key":"2883_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20398","volume":"28","author":"JS Peper","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peper JS, Brouwer RM, Boomsma DI, Kahn RS, Hulshoff Pol HE (2007) Genetic influences on human brain structure: a review of brain imaging studies in twins. Hum Brain Mapp 28(6):464\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.20398","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"1","key":"2883_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(02)00107-3","volume":"41","author":"D Poeppel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Poeppel D (2003) The analysis of speech in different temporal integration windows: cerebral lateralization as \u2018asymmetric sampling in time.\u2019 Speech Commun 41(1):245\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0167-6393(02)00107-3","journal-title":"Speech Commun"},{"key":"2883_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2023.105242","volume":"239","author":"CS Prat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prat CS, Gall\u00e9e J, Yamasaki BL (2023) Getting language right: Relating individual differences in right hemisphere contributions to language learning and relearning. Brain Lang 239:105242\u2013105242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandl.2023.105242","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2883_CR53","unstructured":"R Core Team (2021) R: A language and environment for statistical computing"},{"issue":"4","key":"2883_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/3.4.313","volume":"3","author":"J Rademacher","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rademacher J, Caviness VS, Steinmetz H, Galaburda AM (1993) Topographical variation of the human primary cortices: Implications for neuroimaging, brain mapping, and neurobiology. Cereb Cortex 3(4):313\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/3.4.313","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"4862","key":"2883_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3291116","volume":"241","author":"P Rakic","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rakic P (1988) Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science 241(4862):170\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.3291116","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"47","key":"2883_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16597","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1996-12.2012","volume":"32","author":"V Ressel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ressel V, Pallier C, Ventura-Campos N, D\u00edaz B, Roessler A, \u00c1vila C, Sebasti\u00e1n-Gall\u00e9s N (2012) An effect of Bilingualism on the auditory cortex. J Neurosci 32(47):16597\u201316601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1996-12.2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2883_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.38113","volume":"7","author":"P Ripoll\u00e9s","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ripoll\u00e9s P, Ferreri L, Mas-Herrero E, Alicart H, G\u00f3mez-Andr\u00e9s A, Marco-Pallares J, Antonijoan RM, Noesselt T, Valle M, Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A (2018) Intrinsically regulated learning is modulated by synaptic dopamine signaling. Elife 7:e38113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.38113","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2883_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511667275.015","volume-title":"Practice in a second language","author":"P Robinson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Robinson P (2007) Aptitudes, abilities, contexts, and practice. Practice in a second language. Cambridge University Press, pp 256\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511667275.015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2883_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.22599\/jesla.24","volume":"1","author":"V Rogers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rogers V, Meara P, Barnett-Legh T, Curry C, Davie E (2017) Examining the LLAMA aptitude tests. J Eur Second Lang Assoc 1(1):49\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22599\/jesla.24","journal-title":"J Eur Second Lang Assoc"},{"key":"2883_CR60","first-page":"27","volume":"3","author":"M Sawyer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sawyer M (1992) Language aptitude and language experience: are they related? Lang pro Grams Int Univ Japan Work Pap 3:27\u201345","journal-title":"Lang pro Grams Int Univ Japan Work Pap"},{"issue":"1","key":"2883_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa254","volume":"31","author":"JE Schmitt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schmitt JE, Raznahan A, Liu S, Neale MC (2021) The heritability of cortical folding: evidence from the human connectome project. Cereb Cortex 31(1):702\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa254","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"7","key":"2883_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nn871","volume":"5","author":"P Schneider","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schneider P, Scherg M, Dosch HG, Specht HJ, Gutschalk A, Rupp A (2002) Morphology of Heschl\u2019s gyrus reflects enhanced activation in the auditory cortex of musicians. Nat Neurosci 5(7):688\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn871","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2883_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1530","volume":"8","author":"P Schneider","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schneider P, Sluming V, Roberts N, Scherg M, Goebel R, Specht HJ, Dosch HG, Bleeck S, Stippich C, Rupp A (2005) Structural and functional asymmetry of lateral Heschl\u2019s gyrus reflects pitch perception preference. Nat Neurosci 8(9):1241\u20131247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1530","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"33","key":"2883_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10937","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5315-13.2014","volume":"34","author":"A Seither-Preisler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seither-Preisler A, Parncutt R, Schneider P (2014) Size and synchronization of auditory cortex promotes musical, literacy, and attentional skills in children. J Neurosci 34(33):10937\u201310949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5315-13.2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2883_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90995-1","volume":"229","author":"HL Seldon","year":"1981","unstructured":"Seldon HL (1981) Structure of human auditory cortex: II\u2014axon distributions and morphological correlates of speech perception. Brain Res 229(2):295\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90995-1","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2883_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-1300-7_34","volume-title":"Auditory pathway","author":"HL Seldon","year":"1988","unstructured":"Seldon HL (1988) Golgi studies on the human auditory cortex. In: Syka J, Masterton RB (eds) Auditory pathway. Springer US, pp 229\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-1300-7_34"},{"key":"2883_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00324","author":"B Serrallach","year":"2016","unstructured":"Serrallach B, Gro\u00df C, Bernhofs V, Engelmann D, Benner J, G\u00fcndert N, Blatow M, Wengenroth M, Seitz A, Brunner M, Seither S, Parncutt R, Schneider P, Seither-Preisler A (2016) Neural biomarkers for dyslexia, ADHD, and ADD in the auditory cortex of children. Front Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2016.00324","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2883_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","unstructured":"Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27(3):379\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"key":"2883_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1075\/lllt.2.06ske","volume-title":"Individual differences and instructed language learning","author":"P Skehan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Skehan P (2002) Theorising and updating aptitude. In: Robinson P (ed) Individual differences and instructed language learning. John Benjamins, pp 69\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/lllt.2.06ske"},{"issue":"2","key":"2883_CR70","first-page":"165","volume":"91","author":"RL Sparks","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sparks RL, Ganschow L, Fluharty K, Little S (1995) An exploratory study on the effects of Latin on the native language skills and foreign language aptitude of students with and without learning disabilities. Class J 91(2):165\u2013184","journal-title":"Class J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2883_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4195","volume":"19","author":"J Tsunada","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsunada J, Liu ASK, Gold JI, Cohen YE (2016) Causal contribution of primate auditory cortex to auditory perceptual decision-making. Nat Neurosci 19(1):135\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.4195","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2883_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02096","author":"S Turker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Turker S, Reiterer SM, Seither-Preisler A, Schneider P (2017) \u2018When music speaks\u2019: auditory cortex morphology as a neuroanatomical marker of language aptitude and musicality. Front Psychol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02096","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2883_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00824","author":"S Turker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turker S, Reiterer SM, Schneider P, Seither-Preisler A (2019) Auditory cortex morphology predicts language learning potential in children and teenagers. Front Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00824","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2883_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-009-9260-5","volume":"39","author":"AAE Vinkhuyzen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vinkhuyzen AAE, Van Der Sluis S, Posthuma D, Boomsma DI (2009) The heritability of aptitude and exceptional talent across different domains in adolescents and young adults. Behav Genet 39(4):380\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10519-009-9260-5","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2883_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3489-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"C Warrier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Warrier C, Wong P, Penhune V, Zatorre R, Parrish T, Abrams D, Kraus N (2009) Relating structure to function: Heschl\u2019s gyrus and acoustic processing. J Neurosci 29(1):61\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3489-08.2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2883_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welker W (1990) Why does cerebral cortex fissure and fold? A review of determinants of gyri and sulci. pp 3\u2013136. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:156053062","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-3824-0_1"},{"issue":"1","key":"2883_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0261444816000276","volume":"50","author":"Z Wen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wen Z, Biedro\u0144 A, Skehan P (2017) Foreign language aptitude theory: yesterday, today and tomorrow. Lang Teach 50(1):1\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0261444816000276","journal-title":"Lang Teach"},{"issue":"5","key":"2883_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs391","volume":"24","author":"M Wengenroth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wengenroth M, Blatow M, Heinecke A, Reinhardt J, Stippich C, Hofmann E, Schneider P (2014) Increased volume and function of right auditory cortex as a marker for absolute pitch. Cereb Cortex 24(5):1127\u20131137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhs391","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"4","key":"2883_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.4.392","volume":"9","author":"CF Westbury","year":"1999","unstructured":"Westbury CF (1999) Quantifying variability in the planum temporale: a probability map. Cereb Cortex 9(4):392\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/9.4.392","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"4","key":"2883_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm115","volume":"18","author":"PCM Wong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wong PCM, Warrier CM, Penhune VB, Roy AK, Sadehh A, Parrish TB, Zatorre RJ (2008) Volume of left Heschl\u2019s gyrus and linguistic pitch learning. Cereb Cortex 18(4):828\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhm115","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"s2","key":"2883_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2012.00708.x","volume":"62","author":"H Xiang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xiang H, Dediu D, Roberts L, Oort EV, Norris DG, Hagoort P (2012) The structural connectivity underpinning language aptitude, working memory, and IQ in the Perisylvian language network. Lang Learn 62(s2):110\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2012.00708.x","journal-title":"Lang Learn"},{"issue":"4","key":"2883_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01816-7","volume":"175","author":"R Zatorre","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zatorre R, Belin P, Penhune VB (2002) Structure and function of auditory cortex: music and speech. Physiol Ser A 175(4):37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01816-7","journal-title":"Physiol Ser A"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-025-02898-5","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000}}],"container-title":["Brain Structure and Function"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-024-02883-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00429-024-02883-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-024-02883-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T01:31:46Z","timestamp":1743125506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00429-024-02883-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["2883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-024-02883-4","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s00429-025-02898-5","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1863-2661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2025","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised due to incorrect reference citations and value in the table2. Now, it has been corrected.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2025","order":7,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":8,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":9,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-025-02898-5","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-025-02898-5","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The Medical Ethical Committee of the Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC) (Leiden, the Netherlands) approved the protocol of the MRI experiment; behavioural testing was also conducted according to the Ethics Code of the Faculty of Humanities at Leiden University. Participants gave written informed consent prior to the experiment and were remunerated for their time.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"14"}}