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Healthy maturation of the myelinated white matter requires coordinated delivery of key nutritional building blocks, including short and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. While many of these nutrients are amply supplied by breastmilk, they may not be present in sufficient quantity in infant formula milk. Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a rich source of phospholipids, including sphingomyelin and has been associated with improved cognitive development in infants and children when added to infant formula. To determine if added bovine MFGM is also associated with improved myelination, this study used myelin-sensitive MRI to compare myelination trends in healthy infants and toddlers, 0\u20132\u00a0years of age, who received the same branded infant formula with and without added bovine MFGM in two temporal cohorts:\n                    <jats:italic>Without Added MFGM<\/jats:italic>\n                    between 2010 and 2017; and\n                    <jats:italic>With Added MFGM<\/jats:italic>\n                    between 2018\u20132020. Concurrent with imaging, cognitive development was assessed using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). Matched for important demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, we found that children who received infant formula with added MFGM showed improved myelination in motor-related areas (motor cortices, internal capsule, and cerebellum) and improved MSEL gross and fine motor scores. No significant differences in verbal or overall cognitive ability scores were noted. These results support the importance of phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sphingomyelin in promoting brain myelination and cognitive development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-025-02907-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,19]],"date-time":"2025-04-19T05:53:23Z","timestamp":1745042003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Enhanced brain myelination and cognitive development in young children associated with milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) intake: a temporal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Sean C. 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