{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T12:53:20Z","timestamp":1783947200308,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Struct Funct"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-025-03022-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T04:40:59Z","timestamp":1761194459000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigation the concurrent effects of multi-session anodal tDCS and postural training on postural stability and functional balance in patients with multiple sclerosis: cerebellum versus dorsolateral prefrontal cortex stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Narges Jahantigh","family":"Akbari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2457-8056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahid","family":"Tahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sedigheh Sadat","family":"Naimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaghoub","family":"Shavehei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teddy","family":"Caderby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andisheh","family":"Bastani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"3022_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.110","volume":"106","author":"NJ Akbari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akbari NJ, Yousefi M (2023) Examining the gait pattern in terms of spatio-temporal, kinematic and kinetic parameters during gait initiation in MS patients. Gait Posture 106:S89\u2013S90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.07.110","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"5","key":"3022_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-024-06816-9","volume":"242","author":"NJ Akbari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akbari NJ, Tahan N, Naimi SS, Baghban AA, Moghadam NB, Zoghi M (2024) Comparingthe effects of cerebellar and prefrontal anodal transcranial direct current stimulation concurrent with postural training on balance and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial. Exp Brain Res 242(5):1087\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-024-06816-9","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3022_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2018.10.004","volume":"48","author":"G Allali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allali G, Blumen HM, Devanne H, Pirondini E, Delval A, Van De Ville D (2018) Brain imaging of locomotion in neurological conditions. Neurophysiol Clin 48(6):337\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucli.2018.10.004","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2018-084","volume":"22","author":"RN Alonso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alonso RN, Eizaguirre MB, Silva B, Pita MC, Yastremiz C, Vanotti S, C\u00e1ceres F, Garcea O (2020) Brain function assessment of patients with multiple sclerosis in the expanded disability status scale: a proposal for modification. Int J MS Care 22(1):31\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7224\/1537-2073.2018-084","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(02)00770-0","volume":"58","author":"G Andersson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Andersson G, Hagman J, Talianzadeh R, Svedberg A, Larsen HC (2002) Effect of cognitive load on postural control. Brain Res Bull 58(1):135\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0361-9230(02)00770-0","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"12","key":"3022_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq311","volume":"133","author":"J Barra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barra J, Marquer A, Joassin R, Reymond C, Metge L, Chauvineau V, P\u00e9rennou D (2010) Humans use internal models to construct and update a sense of verticality. Brain 133(12):3552\u20133563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awq311","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"3022_CR7","unstructured":"Berg K (1992) Measuring balance in the elderly. Development and validation of an instrument"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3022_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.05.05","volume":"404","author":"PS Boggio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boggio PS, Castro LO, Savagim EA, Braite R, Cruz VC, Rocha RR, Rigonatti SP, Silva MT, Fregni F (2006) Enhancement of non-dominant hand motor function by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. Neurosci Lett 404(1\u20132):232\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.05.05","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"3022_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.105451","volume":"184","author":"F Capone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Capone F, Capone G, Motolese F, Voci A, Caminiti ML, Musumeci G, Di Lazzaro V (2019) Spinal cord dysfunction contributes to balance impairment in multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 184:105451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.105451","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508096874","volume":"15","author":"D Cattaneo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cattaneo D, Jonsdottir J (2009) Sensory impairments in quiet standing in subjects with multiplesclerosis. Mult Scler 15(1):59\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458508096874","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"9","key":"3022_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215507077602","volume":"21","author":"D Cattaneo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cattaneo D, Jonsdottir J, Zocchi M, Regola A (2007) Effects of balance exercises on peoplewith multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Clin Rehabil 21(9):771\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269215507077602","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"3022_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0607-y","volume":"14","author":"P Celnik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Celnik P (2015) Understanding and modulating motor learning with cerebellar stimulation. The Cerebellum 14:171\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-014-0607-y","journal-title":"The Cerebellum"},{"key":"3022_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.11.015","volume":"372","author":"MA Chalah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chalah MA, Riachi N, Ahdab R, Mhalla A, Abdellaoui M, Cr\u00e9ange A, Lefaucheur J-P, Ayache SS (2017) Effects of left DLPFC versus right PPC tDCS on multiple sclerosis fatigue. J Neurol Sci 372:131\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2016.11.015","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"3022_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.1258","volume":"21","author":"L Charvet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Charvet L, Shaw M, Dobbs B, Frontario A, Sherman K, Bikson M, Datta A, Krupp L, Zeinapour E, Kasschau M (2018) Remotely supervised transcranial direct current stimulation increases the benefit of at-home cognitive training in multiple sclerosis. Neuromodulation: Technologyat Neural Interface 21(4):383\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.1258","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technologyat Neural Interface"},{"issue":"3","key":"3022_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24030872","volume":"24","author":"LE Cofr\u00e9 Lizama","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cofr\u00e9 Lizama LE, He X, Kalincik T, Galea MP, Panisset MG (2024) Sample entropyimproves assessment of postural control in early-stage multiple sclerosis. Sensors 24(3):872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24030872","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0758-5","volume":"16","author":"S Colnaghi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colnaghi S, Honeine J-L, Sozzi S, Schieppati M (2017) Body sway increases after functionalinactivation of the cerebellar vermis by cTBS. Cerebellum 16(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-015-0758-5","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"3022_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.02.018","volume":"61","author":"L Comber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Comber L, Sosnoff JJ, Galvin R, Coote S (2018) Postural control deficits in people withmultiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture 61:445\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.02.018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170331","volume":"12","author":"CE Craig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Craig CE, Doumas M (2017) Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation shows minimal, measure-specific effects on dynamic postural control in young and older adults: a double blind, sham-controlled study. PLoS ONE 12(1):e0170331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0170331","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13819","volume":"26","author":"R Dobson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dobson R, Giovannoni G (2019) Multiple sclerosis\u2013a review. Eur J Neurol 26(1):27\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13819","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3022_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13731","volume":"46","author":"F Ehsani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ehsani F, Samaei A, Zoghi M, Hedayati R, Jaberzadeh S (2017) The effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on static and dynamic postural stability in older individuals: a randomized double-blind sham\u2010controlled study. Eur J Neurosci 46(12):2875\u20132884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.13731","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"3022_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.03.025","volume":"99","author":"F Ehsani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ehsani F, Ahmadi M, Masoudian N, Jaberzadeh S (2022) Priming of postural training with cerebellar anodal transcranial direct current stimulation for its effects on postural balance and fear of falling in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study. J Clin Neurosci 99:294\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.03.025","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3022_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.011","volume":"156","author":"M Esterman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esterman M, Thai M, Okabe H, DeGutis J, Saad E, Laganiere SE, Halko MA (2017) Network-targeted cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation improves attentional control. Neuroimage 156:190\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"3022_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang A-G (2009) Statistical power analyses using G* power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods 41(4):1149\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"3022_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.08.015","volume":"49","author":"HL Filmer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Filmer HL, Mattingley JB, Dux PE (2013) Improved multitasking following prefrontal tDCS. Cortex 49(10):2845\u20132852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.08.015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"3022_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-017-0863-8","volume":"16","author":"\u00c1 Foerster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foerster \u00c1, Melo L, Mello M, Castro R, Shirahige L, Rocha S, Monte-Silva K (2017) Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) impairs balance control in healthy individuals. Cerebellum 16:872\u2013875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-017-0863-8","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"3022_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7053867","author":"H Fujita","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fujita H, Kasubuchi K, Wakata S, Hiyamizu M, Morioka S (2016) Role of the frontal cortex in standing postural sway tasks while dual-tasking: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study examining working memory capacity. BioMed Res Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/7053867","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"3022_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.58613","volume":"9","author":"H Fujita","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fujita H, Kodama T, Du Lac S (2020) Modular output circuits of the fastigial nucleus for diverse moto and nonmotor functions of the cerebellar vermis. Elife 9:e58613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.58613","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"4","key":"3022_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.003","volume":"117","author":"PC Gandiga","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gandiga PC, Hummel FC, Cohen LG (2006) Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): a tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 117(4):845\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.87","volume":"35","author":"MS George","year":"2010","unstructured":"George MS, Aston-Jones G (2010) Noninvasive techniques for probing neurocircuitry and treating illness: vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct currentstimulation (tDCS). Neuropsychopharmacol 35(1):301\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2009.87","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286443","volume":"19","author":"M Giancatarina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giancatarina M, Grandperrin Y, Nicolier M, Gimenez P, Vidal C, Tio G, Haffen E, Bennabi D, Grospr\u00eatre S (2024) Acute effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on postural control of trainedathletes: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 19(1):e0286443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0286443","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"3022_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0123-3","volume":"96","author":"A Gioftsidou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gioftsidou A, Malliou P, Pafis G, Beneka A, Godolias G, Maganaris CN (2006) The effects of soccertraining and timing of balance training on balance ability. Eur J Appl Physiol 96(6):659\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-005-0123-3","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"45","key":"3022_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16344","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4159-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"DJ Goble","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goble DJ, Coxon JP, Van Impe A, Geurts M, Doumas M, Wenderoth N, Swinnen SP (2011) Brain activity during ankle proprioceptive stimulation predicts balance performance in young and older adults. J Neurosci 31(45):16344\u201316352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4159-11.2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3022_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2016.1139639","volume":"20","author":"LAC Grecco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grecco LAC, Oliveira CS, Duarte NdAC, Lima VLC, Zanon N, Fregni F (2017) Cerebellartranscranial direct current stimulation in children with ataxic cerebral palsy: a sham-controlled, crossover, pilotstudy. Dev Neurorehabil 20(3):142\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/17518423.2016.1139639","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"3022_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S1836-9553(12)70089-9","volume":"58","author":"N Gusi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gusi N, Adsuar JC, Corzo H, del Pozo-Cruz B, Olivares PR, Parraca JA (2012) Balance training reduces fear of falling and improves dynamic balance and isometric strength in institutionalised older people: a randomised trial. J Physiother 58(2):97\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1836-9553(12)70089-9","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"issue":"4","key":"3022_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285613488434","volume":"6","author":"HF Harbo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harbo HF, Gold R, Tintor\u00e9 M (2013) Sex and gender issues in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 6(4):237\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756285613488434","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"3022_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00325","volume":"10","author":"Y Inukai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Inukai Y, Saito K, Sasaki R, Kotan S, Nakagawa M, Onishi H (2016) Influence of transcranial directcurrent stimulation to the cerebellum on standing posture control. Front Hum Neurosci 10:325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00325","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"3022_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","volume":"33","author":"K Jf","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jf K (1983) Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (. EDSS) Neurology 33:1444\u20131452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","journal-title":"EDSS) Neurology"},{"key":"3022_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0124-y","volume":"13","author":"A Kalron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalron A, Fonkatz I, Frid L, Baransi H, Achiron A (2016) The effect of balance training on posturalcontrol in people with multiple sclerosis using the CAREN virtual reality system: a pilot randomizedcontrolled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 13:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12984-016-0124-y","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"3022_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254888","volume":"16","author":"M Kristiansen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kristiansen M, Thomsen MJ, N\u00f8rgaard J, Aaes J, Knudsen D, Voigt M (2021) Anodal transcranialdirect current stimulation increases corticospinal excitability, while performance is unchanged. PLoS ONE 16(7):e0254888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254888","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3022_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/307175","author":"D Ksiazek-Winiarek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ksiazek-Winiarek D, Szpakowski J, Glabinski A (2015) Neural plasticity in multiple sclerosis: the functional and molecular background. Neural Plast 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/307175","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"issue":"11","key":"3022_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.144","volume":"33","author":"JF Kurtzke","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kurtzke JF (1983) Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology 33(11):1444\u20131444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.33.11.144","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"16","key":"3022_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32834b939d","volume":"22","author":"C-Y Lim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lim C-Y, Shin H-I (2011) Noninvasive DC stimulation on neck changes MEP. Neuroreport 22(16):819\u2013823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32834b939d","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"2","key":"3022_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60454-2","volume":"40","author":"S Lord","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lord S, Castell S (1994) Effect of exercise on balance, strength and reaction time in older people. Aust J Physiother 40(2):83\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60454-2","journal-title":"Aust J Physiother"},{"key":"3022_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104193","volume":"67","author":"R Lotfi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lotfi R, Chigr F, Najimi M (2022) The impact of sociodemographic characteristics on diagnosis and access to disease-modifying treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis in Morocco. Mult Scler Relat Disord 67:104193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104193","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3022_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00897","volume":"28","author":"B Manor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manor B, Zhou J, Jor\u2019dan A, Zhang J, Fang J, Pascual-Leone A (2016) Reduction of dual-task costs by noninvasive modulation of prefrontal activity in healthy elders. J Cogn Neurosci 28(2):275\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00897","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"3022_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-011-0331-9","volume":"11","author":"M Manto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Manto M, Bower JM, Conforto AB, Delgado-Garc\u00eda JM, Guarda D, Gerwig SNF, Habas M, Hagura C, Ivry N, R. B., Mari\u00ebn P (2012) Consensus paper: roles of the cerebellum in motor control\u2014thediversity of ideas on cerebellar involvement in movement. Cerebellum 11:457\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-011-0331-9","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"issue":"6","key":"3022_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002940","volume":"87","author":"CW Maurer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maurer CW, LaFaver K, Ameli R, Epstein SA, Hallett M, Horovitz SG (2016) Impaired self-agency in functional movement disorders: a resting-state fMRI study. Neurology 87(6):564\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002940","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"3022_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(03)00235-9","volume":"114","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nitsche MA, Liebetanz D, Lang N, Antal A, Tergau F, Paulus W (2003) Safety criteria fortranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 114(11):2220\u20132223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1388-2457(03)00235-9","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3022_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236005","volume":"15","author":"GM Opie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Opie GM, Semmler JG (2020) Characterising the influence of cerebellum on the neuroplastic modulationof intracortical motor circuits. PLoS ONE 15(7):e0236005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0236005","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3022_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/891390","author":"T Paillard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paillard T, No\u00e9 F (2015) Techniques and methods for testing the postural function in healthy and pathological subjects. BioMed Res Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/891390","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"3022_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.04.002","volume":"15","author":"M Pau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pau M, Porta M, Coghe G, Corona F, Pilloni G, Lorefice L, Marrosu MG, Cocco E (2017) Are static and functional balance abilities related in individuals with multiple sclerosis? Mult Scler Relat Disord 15:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2017.04.002","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3022_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.08.060","volume":"392","author":"SD Perry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Perry SD (2006) Evaluation of age-related plantar-surface insensitivity and onset age of advanced insensitivityin older adults using vibratory and touch sensation tests. Neurosci Lett 392(1\u20132):62\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.08.060","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"3022_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirko, I., & Noseworthy, J. H (2007) Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system. Textbook of Clinical Neurology 1103.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-141603618-0.10048-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"3022_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","volume":"39","author":"D Podsiadlo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Podsiadlo D, Richardson S (1991) The timed up & go: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderlypersons. J Am Geriatr Soc 39(2):142\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.09.118","volume":"129","author":"P Poortvliet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poortvliet P, Hsieh B, Cresswell A, Au J, Meinzer M (2018) Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation improves adaptive postural control. Clin Neurophysiol 129(1):33\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.09.118","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(00)00125-6","volume":"103","author":"CM Poser","year":"2001","unstructured":"Poser CM, Brinar VV (2001) Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 103(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0303-8467(00)00125-6","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"16","key":"3022_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.270280","volume":"592","author":"A Priori","year":"2014","unstructured":"Priori A, Ciocca M, Parazzini M, Vergari M, Ferrucci R (2014) Transcranial cerebellar direct currentstimulation and transcutaneous spinal cord direct current stimulation as innovative tools for neuroscientists. J Physiol 592(16):3345\u20133369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.270280","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"3022_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DNND.S135755","author":"L Prosperini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prosperini L, Castelli L (2018) Spotlight on postural control in patients with multiple sclerosis. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DNND.S135755","journal-title":"Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13121695","volume":"268","author":"L Prosperini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Prosperini L, Sbardella E, Raz E, Cercignani M, Tona F, Bozzali M, Petsas N, Pozzilli C, Pantano P (2013) Multiple sclerosis: white and gray matter damage associated with balance deficit detected at staticposturography. Radiology 268(1):181\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.13121695","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"3022_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01342.x","volume":"13","author":"M Pugliatti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pugliatti M, Rosati G, Carton H, Riise T, Drulovic J, V\u00e9csei L, Milanov I (2006) The epidemiologyof multiple sclerosis in Europe. Eur J Neurol 13(7):700\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01342.x","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3022_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2003.09.012","volume":"62","author":"MA Riley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Riley MA, Baker AA, Schmit JM (2003) Inverse relation between postural variability and difficulty of a concurrent short-term memory task. Brain Res Bull 62(3):191\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2003.09.012","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"3022_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00529","volume":"11","author":"S Ruggieri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruggieri S, Bharti K, Prosperini L, Giann\u00ec C, Petsas N, Tommasin S, Giglio LD, Pozzilli C, Pantano P (2020) A comprehensive approach to disentangle the effect of cerebellar damage on physicaldisability in multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 11:529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00529","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3022_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-130372","volume":"32","author":"C Saiote","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saiote C, Goldschmidt T, Timaeus C, Steenwijk MD, Opitz A, Antal A, Paulus W, Nitsche MA (2014) Impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Restor Neurol Neurosci 32(3):423\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/RNN-130372","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"3022_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.02.005","volume":"30","author":"FB Santinelli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santinelli FB, van Emmerik RE, Silva FA, Imaizumi LFI, Penedo T, Canzonieri AM, Rodrigues ST, Zago PFP, Barbieri FA (2019) Saccadic eye movements are able to reduce body sway in mildly-affected people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 30:63\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2019.02.005","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"13","key":"3022_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12136363","volume":"12","author":"M Saraiva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saraiva M, Paszkiel S, Vilas-Boas JP, Castro MA (2022) Influence of cognitive task difficulty inpostural control and hemodynamic response in the prefrontal cortex during static postural standing. Appl Sci 12(13):6363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app12136363","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"3022_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.12.031","volume":"97","author":"E Sebasti\u00e3o","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sebasti\u00e3o E, Sandroff BM, Learmonth YC, Motl RW (2016) Validity of the timed up and gotest as a measure of functional mobility in persons with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 97(7):1072\u20131077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.12.031","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"3022_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00708","volume":"8","author":"CJ Shanahan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shanahan CJ, Boonstra FM, Cofr\u00e9 Lizama LE, Strik M, Moffat BA, Khan F, Kilpatrick TJ, Van Der Walt A, Galea MP, Kolbe SC (2018) Technologies for advanced gait and balance assessmentsin people with multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 8:708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2017.00708","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"3022_CR68","unstructured":"Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH (2007) Motor control: translating research into clinical practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins"},{"issue":"2","key":"3022_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.07.007","volume":"1812","author":"C Stadelmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stadelmann C, Wegner C, Br\u00fcck W (2011) Inflammation, demyelination, and degeneration\u2014 recent insights from MS pathology. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) 1812(2):275\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.07.007","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)"},{"issue":"4","key":"3022_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2013.07.002","volume":"24","author":"V Stevens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stevens V, Goodman K, Rough K, Kraft GH (2013) Gait impairment and optimizing mobility inmultiple sclerosis. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin 24(4):573\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmr.2013.07.002","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin"},{"key":"3022_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Takakusaki, K (2017) Functional neuroanatomy for posture and gait control. J Mov Disord 10(1): 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14802\/jmd.16062","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.16062"},{"issue":"3","key":"3022_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.01.040","volume":"162","author":"D Timmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Timmann D, Konczak J, Ilg W, Donchin O, Hermsd\u00f6rfer J, Gizewski E, Schoch B (2009) Currentadvances in lesion-symptom mapping of the human cerebellum. Neuroscience 162(3):836\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.01.040","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170311","volume":"287","author":"F Tona","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tona F, De Giglio L, Petsas N, Sbardella E, Prosperini L, Upadhyay N, Gianni C, Pozzilli C, Pantano P (2018) Role of cerebellar dentate functional connectivity in balance deficits in patients with multiplesclerosis. Radiology 287(1):267\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2017170311","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"3022_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/0963828031000137063","volume":"25","author":"TB \u00dcst\u00fcn","year":"2003","unstructured":"\u00dcst\u00fcn TB, Chatterji S, Bickenbach J, Kostanjsek N, Schneider M (2003) The international classification of functioning, disability and health: a new tool for understanding disability and health. Disabil Rehabil 25(11\u201312):565\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0963828031000137063","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(01)00156-4","volume":"16","author":"M Woollacott","year":"2002","unstructured":"Woollacott M, Shumway-Cook A (2002) Attention and the control of posture and gait: a review of an emerging area of research. Gait Posture 16(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0966-6362(01)00156-4","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"3022_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmart.2016.06.002","volume":"5","author":"M-Y Yeung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yeung M-Y, Fu S-C, Chua EN, Mok K-M, Yung PS-H, Chan K-M (2016) Use of aportablemotion analysis system for knee dynamic stability assessment in anterior cruciate ligament deficiencyduring single-legged hop landing. Asia Pac J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol 5:6\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.asmart.2016.06.002","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3022_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.07.044","volume":"11","author":"MH Yosephi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yosephi MH, Ehsani F, Zoghi M, Jaberzadeh S (2018) Multi-session anodal tDCS enhances the effects of postural training on balance and postural stability in older adults with high fall risk: primary motor cortex versus cerebellar stimulation. Brain Stimul 11(6):1239\u20131250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2018.07.044","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"1","key":"3022_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2017.24.1.8","volume":"24","author":"N Zahiri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zahiri N, Abollahi I, Nabavi SM, Ehsani F, Arab AM, Shaw I, Shariat A, Shaw BS, Dastoorpoor M, Danaee M (2017) Interference effect of prior explicit information on motor sequence learning inrelapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Malays J Med Sci 24(1):69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21315\/mjms2017.24.1.8","journal-title":"Malays J Med Sci"},{"key":"3022_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-018-0939-0","volume":"17","author":"SB Zandvliet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zandvliet SB, Meskers CG, Kwakkel G, van Wegen EE (2018) Short-term effects of cerebellar tDCS on standing balance performance in patients with chronic stroke and healthy age-matched elderly. Cerebellum 17:575\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-018-0939-0","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"3022_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493019830312","author":"SB Zandvliet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zandvliet SB, Meskers CG, Nijland RH, Daffertshofer A, Kwakkel G, van Wegen EE, SAGE Publications Sage UK (2019) The effect of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation to improve standing balance performance early post-stroke, study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Int J Stroke. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747493019830312","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"3022_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12492","volume":"39","author":"J Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou J, Hao Y, Wang Y, Jor\u2019dan A, Pascual-Leone A, Zhang J, Fang J, Manor B (2014) Transcranial direct current stimulation reduces the cost of performing a cognitive task on gait and postural control. Eur J Neurosci 39(8):1343\u20131348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejn.12492","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"3022_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4310-0","volume":"233","author":"D Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou D, Zhou J, Chen H, Manor B, Lin J, Zhang J (2015) Effects of transcranial direct currentstimulation (tDCS) on multiscale complexity of dual-task postural control in older adults. Exp Brain Res 233:2401\u20132409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-015-4310-0","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3022_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26156","volume":"90","author":"J Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou J, Manor B, Yu W, Lo OY, Gouskova N, Salvador R, Katz R, Thumm C, Brozgol P, Ruffini G (2021) Targeted tDCS Mitigates Dual-Task Costs to Gait and Balance in Older Adults. Ann Neurol 90(3):428\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26156","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3022_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.03.010","volume":"7","author":"ML Zuchowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zuchowski ML, Timmann D, Gerwig M (2014) Acquisition of conditioned eyeblink responses ismodulated by cerebellar tDCS. Brain Stimul 7(4):525\u2013531","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"}],"container-title":["Brain Structure and Function"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-025-03022-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00429-025-03022-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-025-03022-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T07:41:11Z","timestamp":1763538071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00429-025-03022-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-025-03022-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the human Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran, granted approval for this study (No. IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1402.161).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the images in figures 3 and 4.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"159"}}