{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T19:28:57Z","timestamp":1775935737645,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Struct Funct"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-025-03030-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T04:54:40Z","timestamp":1761195280000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Homing and feral pigeons differ in hippocampal formation neuron size: a Golgi study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Brinkman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sydney D.","family":"Irvine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackson R.","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9273-3655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew N.","family":"Iwaniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"3030_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25533","volume":"531","author":"MC Applegate","year":"2023","unstructured":"Applegate MC, Gutnichenko KS, Aronov D (2023a) Topography of inputs into the hippocampal formation of a food-caching bird. J Comp Neurol 531(16):1669\u20131688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.25533","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3030_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.05.031","volume":"33","author":"MC Applegate","year":"2023","unstructured":"Applegate MC, Gutnichenko KS, Mackevicius EL, Aronov D (2023b) An entorhinal-like region in food-caching birds. Curr Biol 33(12):2465\u20132477e2467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2023.05.031","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"3030_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.2006.17.1-2.3","volume":"17","author":"Y Atoji","year":"2006","unstructured":"Atoji Y, Wild JM (2006) Anatomy of the avian hippocampal formation. Rev Neurosci 17:3\u201315","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"3030_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22660","volume":"26","author":"Y Atoji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Atoji Y, Sarkar S, Wild JM (2016) Proposed homology of the dorsomedial subdivision and V-shaped layer of the avian hippocampus to ammon\u2019s Horn and dentate gyrus, respectively. Hippocampus 26(12):1608\u20131617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hipo.22660","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"3030_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb163089","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.163089","volume":"221","author":"VP Bingman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bingman VP (2018) Requiem for a heavyweight - can anything more be learned from homing pigeons about the sensory and Spatial representational basis of avian navigation? J Exp Biol 221:jeb163089 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.163089","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3030_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3758\/s13420-023-00601-4","volume":"52","author":"VP Bingman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bingman VP, Gagliardo A (2024) A different perspective on avian hippocampus function: Visual-spatial perception. Learn Behav 52(1):60\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13420-023-00601-4","journal-title":"Learn Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"3030_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-022-02528-4","volume":"227","author":"B Brinkman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brinkman B, Ngwenya A, Fjordbotten K, Stephen O, Iwaniuk AN (2022) Seasonal differences in the morphology and spine density of hippocampal neurons in wild ground squirrels. Brain Struct Funct 227(7):2349\u20132365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-022-02528-4","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"3030_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471733849","volume-title":"Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: evolution and adaptation","author":"AB Butler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Butler AB, Hodos W (2005) Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: evolution and adaptation. Wiley, New York"},{"issue":"3","key":"3030_CR9","first-page":"151","volume":"8","author":"G Chelazzi","year":"1974","unstructured":"Chelazzi G, Pineschi F (1974) Recoveries after displacement in pigeons belonging to an urban population. Mon Zool Ital 8(3):151\u2013157","journal-title":"Mon Zool Ital"},{"key":"3030_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chettih SN, Mackevicius EL, Hale S, Aronov D (2024) Barcoding of episodic memories in the hippocampus of a food-caching bird. Cell 187 (8):1922\u20131935.e1920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2024.02.032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.02.032"},{"key":"3030_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000165102","volume":"72","author":"J Cnotka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cnotka J, Mohle M, Rehk\u00e4mper G (2008) Navigational experience affects hippocampus size in homing pigeons. Brain Behav Evol 72:233\u2013238 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000165102","journal-title":"Brain Behav Evol"},{"issue":"36","key":"3030_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15927","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010356107","volume":"107","author":"CE Collins","year":"2010","unstructured":"Collins CE, Airey DC, Young NA, Leitch DB, Kaas JH (2010) Neuron densities vary across and within cortical areas in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(36):15927\u201315932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1010356107","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"3030_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icv029","volume":"55","author":"R Croston","year":"2015","unstructured":"Croston R, Branch CL, Kozlovsky DY, Roth TC 2nd, LaDage LD, Freas CA, Pravosudov VV (2015) Potential mechanisms driving population variation in Spatial memory and the hippocampus in food-caching chickadees. Integr Comp Biol 55(3):354\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icb\/icv029","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"3030_CR14","volume-title":"The variation of animals and plants under domestication","author":"C Darwin","year":"1888","unstructured":"Darwin C (1888) The variation of animals and plants under domestication, vol 1. John Murray, London"},{"key":"3030_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0469.1984.tb00652.x","volume":"22","author":"P Ebinger","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ebinger P, L\u00f6hmer R (1984) Comparative quantitative investigations on brains of rock doves, domestic and urban pigeons (Columba l. livia). Z Zool Syst Evolut-forsch 22:136\u2013145","journal-title":"Z Zool Syst Evolut-forsch"},{"key":"3030_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1977.tb01003.x","volume":"44","author":"W Edrich","year":"1977","unstructured":"Edrich W, Keeton WT (1977) A comparison of homing behavior in feral and homing pigeons. Z Tierpsychol 44:389\u2013401","journal-title":"Z Tierpsychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3030_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12125","volume":"27","author":"CA Freas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Freas CA, Roth TC, LaDage LD, Pravosudov VV, Grindstaff J (2013) Hippocampal neuron Soma size is associated with population differences in winter climate severity in food-caching chickadees. Funct Ecol 27(6):1341\u20131349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2435.12125","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"3030_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200095","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0095","volume":"16","author":"A Gagliardo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gagliardo A, Pollonara E, Casini G, Rossino MG, Wikelski M, Bingman VP (2020) Importance of the hippocampus for the learning of route fidelity in homing pigeons. Biol Lett 16:20200095 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2020.0095","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"3030_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.114073","volume":"436","author":"A Gagliardo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gagliardo A, Cioccarelli S, Giunchi D, Pollonara E, Colombo S, Casini G, Bingman VP (2023) Deconstructing the flight paths of hippocampal-lesioned homing pigeons as they navigate near home offers insight into Spatial perception and memory without a hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 436:114073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.114073","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3030_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0270(97)00163-5","volume":"79","author":"R Gibb","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gibb R, Kolb B (1998) A method for vibratome sectioning of Golgi\u2013Cox stained whole rat brain. J Neurosci Methods 79(1):1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-0270(97)00163-5","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"3030_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000345560","volume":"81","author":"KL Gould","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gould KL, Gilbertson KE, Hrvol AJ, Nelson JC, Seyfer AL, Brantner RM, Kamil AC (2013) Differences in relative hippocampus volume and number of hippocampus neurons among five Corvid species. Brain Behav Evol 81(1):56\u201370","journal-title":"Brain Behav Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3030_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-024-02882-5","volume":"230","author":"AEM Guyonnet","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guyonnet AEM, Racicot KJ, Brinkman B, Iwaniuk AN (2025) The quantitative anatomy of the hippocampal formation in homing pigeons and other pigeon breeds: implications for spatial cognition. Brain Struct Funct 230(1):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-024-02882-5","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"2","key":"3030_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22456","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22456","volume":"66","author":"JR Ham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ham JR, Szabo M, Annor-Bediako J, Stark RA, Iwaniuk AN, Pellis SM (2024) Quality not quantity: deficient juvenile play experiences lead to altered medial prefrontal cortex neurons and sociocognitive skill deficits. Dev Psychobiol 66(2):e22456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.22456","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"issue":"39","key":"3030_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7748","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0303-19.2019","volume":"39","author":"EE Hecht","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hecht EE, Smaers JB, Dunn WD, Kent M, Preuss TM, Gutman DA (2019) Significant neuroanatomical variation among domestic dog breeds. J Neurosci 39(39):7748\u20137758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0303-19.2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3030_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.03.008","volume":"27","author":"EE Hecht","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hecht EE, Barton SA, Rogers Flattery CN, Meza Meza A (2023) The evolutionary neuroscience of domestication. Trends Cogn Sci 27:553\u2013567 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2023.03.008","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"3030_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.02.004","volume":"16","author":"S Herculano-Houzel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herculano-Houzel S (2017) Numbers of neurons as biological correlates of cognitive capability. Curr Opin Behav Sci 16:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.02.004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"key":"3030_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2014.00077","volume":"8","author":"S Herculano-Houzel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herculano-Houzel S, Manger PR, Kaas JH (2014) Brain scaling in mammalian evolution as a consequence of concerted and mosaic changes in numbers of neurons and average neuronal cell size. Front Neuroanat 8:77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnana.2014.00077","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"3030_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2015.00064","volume":"9","author":"S Herculano-Houzel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herculano-Houzel S, Messeder DJ, Fonseca-Azevedo K, Pantoja NA (2015) When larger brains do not have more neurons: increased numbers of cells are compensated by decreased average cell size across mouse individuals. Front Neuroanat 9:64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnana.2015.00064","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"issue":"11","key":"3030_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23549","volume":"522","author":"C Herold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herold C, Bingman VP, Strockens F, Letzner S, Sauvage M, Palomero-Gallagher N, Zilles K, G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn O (2014) Distribution of neurotransmitter receptors and zinc in the pigeon (Columba livia) hippocampal formation: A basis for further comparison with the mammalian hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 522(11):2553\u20132575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.23549","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3030_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22463","volume":"25","author":"C Herold","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herold C, Coppola VJ, Bingman VP (2015) The maturation of research into the avian hippocampal formation: recent discoveries from one of the nature\u2019s foremost navigators. Hippocampus 25(11):1193\u20131211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hipo.22463","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"3030_CR31","volume-title":"The pigeon guide: practical breeding, training & management","author":"S Hiatt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hiatt S, Esposito J (2000) The pigeon guide: practical breeding, training & management. Silvio Mattacchione & Co., Port Perry"},{"key":"3030_CR32","volume-title":"A stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the pigeon (Columba livia)","author":"HJ Karten","year":"1967","unstructured":"Karten HJ, Hodos W (1967) A stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the pigeon (Columba livia). Johns Hopkins, Baltimore"},{"issue":"12","key":"3030_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1080\/03610929908832460","volume":"28","author":"HJ Keselman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Keselman HJ, Algina J, Kowalchuk RK, Wolfinger RD (1999) The analysis of repeated measurements: a comparison of mixed-model satterthwaite f tests and a nonpooled adjusted degrees of freedom multivariate test. Commun Stat - Theory Methods 28(12):2967\u20132999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03610929908832460","journal-title":"Commun Stat - Theory Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"3030_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/s1053-8119(03)00308-2","volume":"20","author":"SJ Kiebel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kiebel SJ, Glaser DE, Friston KJ (2003) A heuristic for the degrees of freedom of statistics based on multiple variance parameters. NeuroImage 20(1):591\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1053-8119(03)00308-2","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"3030_CR35","volume-title":"A fancy for pigeons","author":"J Kligerman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kligerman J (1978) A fancy for pigeons. Hawthorn Books, Inc., New York"},{"issue":"6","key":"3030_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-018-1666-5","volume":"223","author":"J Lazaro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lazaro J, Hertel M, Sherwood CC, Muturi M, Dechmann DKN (2018) Profound seasonal changes in brain size and architecture in the common shrew. Brain Struct Funct 223(6):2823\u20132840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-018-1666-5","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"3","key":"3030_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902840302","volume":"284","author":"BE Nixdorf","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nixdorf BE, Davis SS, DeVoogd TJ (1989) Morphology of Golgi-impregnated neurons in hyperstriatum ventralis, Pars caudalis in adult male and female Canaries. J Comp Neurol 284(3):337\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.902840302","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"6552","key":"3030_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg2009","volume":"373","author":"HL Payne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Payne HL, Lynch GF, Aronov D (2021) Neural representations of space in the hippocampus of a food-caching bird. Science 373(6552):343\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abg2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"3030_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135904","volume":"44","author":"VV Pravosudov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pravosudov VV, Roth IITC (2013) Cognitive ecology of food hoarding: the evolution of Spatial memory and the hippocampus. Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst 44(1):173\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135904","journal-title":"Ann Rev Ecol Evol Syst"},{"key":"3030_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000116581","volume":"31","author":"G Rehk\u00e4mper","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rehk\u00e4mper G, Haase E, Frahm HD (1988) Allometric comparison of brain weight and brain structure volumes in different breeds of the domestic pigeon, Columba Livia f.d. (fantails, homing pigeons, strassers). Brain Behav Evol 31:141\u2013149","journal-title":"Brain Behav Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3030_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000111458","volume":"71","author":"G Rehk\u00e4mper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rehk\u00e4mper G, Frahm HD, Cnotka J (2008) Mosaic evolution and adaptive brain component alteration under domestication seen on the background of evolutionary theory. Brain Behav Evol 71(2):115\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000111458","journal-title":"Brain Behav Evol"},{"key":"3030_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2023.06.021","volume":"502","author":"T Rodrigues","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodrigues T, Dib L, Brethaut E, Matter MM, Matter-Sadzinski L, Matter JM (2023) Increased neuron density in the midbrain of a foveate bird, pigeon, results from profound change in tissue morphogenesis. Dev Biol 502:77\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ydbio.2023.06.021","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3030_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25462","volume":"531","author":"N Rook","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rook N, Stacho M, Schwarz A, Bingman VP, G\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn O (2023) Neuronal circuits within the homing pigeon hippocampal formation. J Comp Neurol 531(7):790\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.25462","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3030_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-006-0162-8","volume":"60","author":"E Rose","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rose E, Nagel P, Haag-Wackernagel D (2006) Spatio-temporal use of the urban habitat by feral pigeons (Columba livia). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 60(2):242\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00265-006-0162-8","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"3030_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691217680","volume-title":"The process of animal domestication","author":"MR Sanchez-Villagra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sanchez-Villagra MR (2022) The process of animal domestication. Princeton University Press, Princeton"},{"issue":"4","key":"3030_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.118.4.845","volume":"118","author":"T Shimizu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shimizu T, Bowers AN, Budzynski CA, Kahn MC, Bingman VP (2004) What does a pigeon (Columba livia) brain look like during homing? Selective examination of ZENK expression. Behav Neurosci 118(4):845\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0735-7044.118.4.845","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"3030_CR47","first-page":"387","volume":"87","author":"DA Sholl","year":"1953","unstructured":"Sholl DA (1953) Dendritic organization in the neurons of the visual and motor cortices of the Cat. J Anat 87:387\u2013406","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"3030_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-15-06001.1997","volume":"17","author":"GT Smith","year":"1997","unstructured":"Smith GT, Brenowitz EA, Beecher MD, Wingfield JC (1997) Seasonal changes in testosterone, neural attributes of song control nuclei, and song structure in wild songbirds. J Neurosci 17:6001\u20136015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3030_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-022-01815-x","volume":"6","author":"D Sol","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sol D, Olkowicz S, Sayol F, Kocourek M, Zhang Y, Marhounova L, Osadnik C, Corssmit E, Gracia-Porta J, Martin TE, Lefebvre L, Nemec P (2022) Neuron numbers link innovativeness with both absolute and relative brain size in birds. Nat Ecol Evol 6:1381\u20131389","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"3030_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.114222","volume":"439","author":"RA Stark","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stark RA, Brinkman B, Gibb RL, Iwaniuk AN, Pellis SM (2023) Atypical play experiences in the juvenile period has an impact on the development of the medial prefrontal cortex in both male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 439:114222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.114222","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3030_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.111.6.1245","volume":"111","author":"R Strasser","year":"1997","unstructured":"Strasser R, Bingman VP (1997) Goal recognition and hippocampal formation in the homing pigeon (Columba livia). Behav Neurosci 111(6):1245\u20131256","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"3030_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050419","volume":"185","author":"R Strasser","year":"1999","unstructured":"Strasser R, Bingman VP (1999) The effects of hippocampal lesions in homing pigeons on a one-trial food association task. J Comp Physiol A 185:583\u2013590","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol A"},{"issue":"3","key":"3030_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23803","volume":"524","author":"GF Striedter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Striedter GF (2016) Evolution of the hippocampus in reptiles and birds. J Comp Neurol 524(3):496\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.23803","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"3030_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/15397.001.0001","volume-title":"Bird brains and behavior: A synthesis","author":"GF Striedter","year":"2025","unstructured":"Striedter GF, Iwaniuk AN (2025) Bird brains and behavior: A synthesis. MIT Press Cambridge, MA, USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"3030_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.12.045","volume":"22","author":"SA Stringham","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stringham SA, Mulroy EE, Xing J, Record D, Guernsey MW, Aldenhoven JT, Osborne EJ, Shapiro MD (2012) Divergence, convergence, and the ancestry of feral populations in the domestic rock pigeon. Curr Biol 22(4):302\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2011.12.045","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"3030_CR56","unstructured":"The jamovi project (2024) jamovi, v2.5. retrieved from https:\/\/www.jamovi.org. Accessed 16 May 2024"},{"key":"3030_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s004290050017","volume":"201","author":"T T\u00f6mb\u00f6l","year":"2000","unstructured":"T\u00f6mb\u00f6l T, Davies DC, Nemeth A, Alpar A, Sebesteny T (2000a) A Golgi and combined Golgi\/GABA immunogold study of local circuit neurons in the homing pigeon hippocampus. Anat Embryol 201:181\u2013196","journal-title":"Anat Embryol"},{"key":"3030_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00008235","volume":"201","author":"T T\u00f6mb\u00f6l","year":"2000","unstructured":"T\u00f6mb\u00f6l T, Davies DC, Nemeth A, Sebesteny T, Alpar A (2000b) A comparative Golgi study of chicken (Gallus domesticus) and homing pigeon (Columba livia) hippocampus. Anat Embryol 201:85\u2013101","journal-title":"Anat Embryol"},{"key":"3030_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvc77kgz","volume-title":"Unnatural selection","author":"K van Grouw","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Grouw K (2018) Unnatural selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton"},{"key":"3030_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.1.21","volume":"199","author":"C Walcott","year":"1996","unstructured":"Walcott C (1996) Pigeon homing: observations, experiments and confusions. J Exp Biol 199:21\u201327","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"3030_CR61","volume-title":"Avian navigation: pigeon homing as a paradigm","author":"HG Wallraff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wallraff HG (2005) Avian navigation: pigeon homing as a paradigm. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg"},{"key":"3030_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.2001.4053","volume":"78","author":"AR White","year":"2002","unstructured":"White AR, Strasser R, Bingman VP (2002) Hippocampus lesions impair landmark array spatial learning in homing pigeons: a laboratory study. Neurobiol Learn Mem 78:65\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/nlme.2001.4053","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"issue":"1635","key":"3030_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20120516","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0516","volume":"369","author":"SJ Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang SJ, Ye J, Couey JJ, Witter M, Moser EI, Moser MB (2014) Functional connectivity of the entorhinal-hippocampal space circuit. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 369(1635):20120516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2012.0516","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"}],"container-title":["Brain Structure and Function"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-025-03030-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00429-025-03030-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-025-03030-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T07:41:30Z","timestamp":1763538090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00429-025-03030-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-025-03030-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7087312\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1863-2661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This research was approved by the University of Lethbridge Animal Welfare Committee (AWC Protocol #2011).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"162"}}