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IO infusion of Q and S elicited more Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-IR) neurons than W in the central medial (CM) and dorsomedial (DM) subareas of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and the central medial (CeM) amygdala (ps\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Infusion of Q led to more Fos expression than W in the central lateral (CL) PBN and the parvocellular reticular formation (PCRT; ps\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The only area where IO infusion of Q and S elicited a different number of Fos-IR neurons was the PCRT which responded more to Q (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Cluster analysis of the number of Fos-IR neurons in all 29 taste-related nuclei and subareas examined revealed that populations of neurons distributed among these brain regions respond best to Q, S or both Q and S. Specifically, the Q-best cluster included more posterior structures like the nucleus of the solitary tract, RT and part of the PBN. The S-best cluster included more anterior structures like the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex. And, the cluster of areas that responded better to Q and S than W included the amygdala, gustatory and piriform cortices and a few PBN subareas. Therefore, the data suggest that collections of neurons among taste-responsive brain areas are important for distinguishing Q and S from water as well as identifying the specific tastant.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-026-03095-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T08:36:47Z","timestamp":1774082207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping Fos-immunoreactive neurons activated by intra-oral infusion of quinine, sucrose or water throughout the brain of B6 mice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Michael S.","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianyi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max L.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8047-2720","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr","given":"John D.","family":"Boughter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3095_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56850-6","volume":"12","author":"F Aboharb","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aboharb F, Davoudian PA, Shao L-X, Liao C, Rzepka GN, Wojtasiewica C, Indajang J, Dibbs M, Rondeau J, Sherwood AM, Kaye AP, Kwan AC (2025) Classification of psychedelics and psychoactive drugs based on brain-wide imaging of cellular c-Fos expression. 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