{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T04:02:20Z","timestamp":1785124940059,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jane Rosenthal Helmerdinger Fund from Vassar College"},{"name":"Anne McNiff Tatlock \u201861 Fund from Vassar College"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Struct Funct"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Endocasts are casts of the internal surface of skull bones created by the brain and surrounding tissues. These fossil phantoms provide the most direct evidence of the brains of extinct organisms, and are one of the many puzzle pieces that help paleoneurologists reconstruct brain evolution. The recent discovery of a small-brained, recently-extinct human species,\n                    <jats:italic>Homo naledi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , creates a timely opportunity to review what endocasts can and cannot tell us about ancient brains. We first review published evidence about the brain and behavior of\n                    <jats:italic>H. naledi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including the suggestion that the species may have practiced mortuary behaviors over 230,000 years ago. We next use geometric morphometric methods to reconstruct and the most complete\n                    <jats:italic>H. naledi<\/jats:italic>\n                    endocast and compare it to those of modern humans and Pleistocene hominins. Our results corroborate previous evidence that the brain of\n                    <jats:italic>H. naledi<\/jats:italic>\n                    presents a unique combination of ancestral and modern human-like characteristics, specifically displaying a derived frontal lobe while retaining ancestral sizes, morphology, and cerebro-cerebellar proportions. Finally, we discuss these results in the context of recent paleoanthropological data, advances in neuroimaging, and theoretical frameworks linking brain morphology, structure, and function.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-026-03129-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T07:22:52Z","timestamp":1781508172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brain structure and function in Homo naledi"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8688-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Cofran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1458-759X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawn","family":"Hurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3187-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Hawks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"3129_CR2","unstructured":"Adams D, Collyer M, Kaliontzopoulou A, Baken E (2025) Geomorph: geometric morphometric analyses of 2D and 3D landmark data. Retrieved from https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/geomorph\/index.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/11250000409356545","volume":"71","author":"DC Adams","year":"2004","unstructured":"Adams DC, Rohlf F, James,and, Slice DE (2004) Geometric morphometrics: Ten years of progress following the \u2018revolution\u2019. Italian J Zool 71(1):5\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/11250000409356545","journal-title":"Italian J Zool"},{"issue":"2","key":"3129_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1086\/204350","volume":"36","author":"LC Aiello","year":"1995","unstructured":"Aiello LC, Wheeler P (1995) The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and the Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution. Curr Anthropol 36(2):199\u2013221","journal-title":"Curr Anthropol"},{"key":"3129_CR4","first-page":"11","volume":"88","author":"DM Alba","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alba DM (2010) Cognitive inferences in fossil apes (Primates, Hominoidea). J Anthropol Sci 88:11\u201348","journal-title":"J Anthropol Sci"},{"issue":"7109","key":"3129_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05047","volume":"443","author":"Z Alemseged","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alemseged Z, Spoor F, Kimbel WH, Bobe R, Geraads D, Reed D, Wynn JG (2006) A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature 443(7109):296\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature05047","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05066-9","volume":"6","author":"C Amiez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amiez C, Verstraete C, Sallet J, Hadj-Bouziane F, Hamed B, Meguerditchian S, Hopkins A, W. D (2023) The relevance of the unique anatomy of the human prefrontal operculum to the emergence of speech. Commun Biology 6(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-023-05066-9","journal-title":"Commun Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"3129_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861","volume":"412","author":"K Amunts","year":"1999","unstructured":"Amunts K, Schleicher A, B\u00fcrgel U, Mohlberg H, Uylings HBM, Zilles K (1999) Broca\u2019s region revisited: Cytoarchitecture and intersubject variability. J Comp Neurol 412(2):319\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861)412:2%253C319::AID-CNE10%253E3.0.CO;2-7","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3129_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.12.001","volume":"88","author":"K Amunts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amunts K, Zilles K (2015) Architectonic Mapping of the Human Brain beyond Brodmann. Neuron 88(6):1086\u20131107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.12.001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"13","key":"3129_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab384","volume":"32","author":"DJ Ardesch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ardesch DJ, Scholtens LH, de Lange SC, Roumazeilles L, Khrapitchev AA, Preuss TM, van den Heuvel MP (2022) Scaling Principles of White Matter Connectivity in the Human and Nonhuman Primate Brain. Cereb Cortex 32(13):2831\u20132842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhab384","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"5","key":"3129_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21974","volume":"513","author":"FAC Azevedo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Azevedo FAC, Carvalho LRB, Grinberg LT, Farfel JM, Ferretti REL, Leite REP, Herculano-Houzel S (2009) Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain. J Comp Neurol 513(5):532\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.21974","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66381-9","volume":"16","author":"KL Baab","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baab KL, Kaifu Y, Freidline SE, Rogers MJ, Semaw S (2025) New reconstruction of DAN5 cranium (Gona, Ethiopia) supports complex emergence of Homo erectus. Nat Commun 16(1):10878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-66381-9","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"3129_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21320","volume":"21","author":"KL Baab","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baab KL, McNulty KP, Rohlf FJ (2012) The shape of human evolution: A geometric morphometrics perspective. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews 21(4):151\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/evan.21320","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews"},{"key":"3129_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.06.006","volume":"76","author":"A Balzeau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balzeau A, Gilissen E, Holloway RL, Prima S, Grimaud-Herv\u00e9 D (2014) Variations in size, shape and asymmetries of the third frontal convolution in hominids: Paleoneurological implications for hominin evolution and the origin of language. J Hum Evol 76:116\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.06.006","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"1599","key":"3129_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0112","volume":"367","author":"RA Barton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barton RA (2012) Embodied cognitive evolution and the cerebellum. Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 367(1599):2097\u20132107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2012.0112","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"issue":"20","key":"3129_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.08.056","volume":"24","author":"RA Barton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barton RA, Venditti C (2014) Rapid Evolution of the Cerebellum in Humans and Other Great Apes. Curr Biol 24(20):2440\u20132444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2014.08.056","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49746-2","volume":"13","author":"V Baruzzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baruzzi V, Lodi M, Sorrentino F, Storace M (2023) Bridging functional and anatomical neural connectivity through cluster synchronization. Sci Rep 13(1):22430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-49746-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3129_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4436\/JASS.97003","author":"M Bastir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bastir M, Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez D, Torres-Tamayo N, Palancar CA, Fern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez FJ, Riesco-L\u00f3pez A, L\u00f3pez-Gallo P (2019) Workflows in a Virtual Morphology Lab: 3D scanning, measuring, and printing. J Anthropol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4436\/JASS.97003","journal-title":"J Anthropol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3129_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21972","volume":"32","author":"A Beaudet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beaudet A (2023) The Australopithecus assemblage from Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa) and the concept of variation in palaeontology. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews 32(3):154\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/evan.21972","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews"},{"key":"3129_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP89054","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.89054","volume":"12","author":"A Beaudet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beaudet A, de Jager E (2023) Broca\u2019s area, variation and taxic diversity in early Homo from Koobi Fora (Kenya). eLife 12:RP89054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.89054","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"3129_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaudet A, de Jager E, Tawane M, Billings B (2025) Looking for the origins of the human brain: The role of South Africa in the history of palaeoneurology. South Afr J Sci 121(1\/2)","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2025\/18604"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22376","volume":"153","author":"S Benazzi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Benazzi S, Gruppioni G, Strait DS, Hublin J-J (2014) Technical Note: Virtual reconstruction of KNM-ER 1813 Homo habilis cranium. Am J Phys Anthropol 153(1):154\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.22376","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3129_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e09560","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.09560","volume":"4","author":"LR Berger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berger LR, Hawks J, de Ruiter DJ, Churchill SE, Schmid P, Delezene LK, Zipfel B (2015) Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa. eLife 4:e09560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.09560","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"3129_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24234","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.24234","volume":"6","author":"LR Berger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berger LR, Hawks J, Dirks PH, Elliott M, Roberts EM (2017) Homo naledi and Pleistocene hominin evolution in subequatorial Africa. eLife 6:e24234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.24234","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"3129_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berger LR, Makhubela T, Molopyane K, Kr\u00fcger A, Randolph-Quinney P, Elliott M, Hawks J (2025) Evidence for deliberate burial of the dead by Homo naledi. ELife https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.89106.2","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.89106.2"},{"key":"3129_CR24","unstructured":"Bienvenu T (2010) L\u2019Endocr\u00e2ne de Sahelanthropus Tchadensis (Hominidae, Mioc\u00e8ne sup\u00e9rieur du Tchad): Reconstitution 3D et morphologie: comparaison avec les homino\u00efdes actuels et fossiles (Ph.D., L\u2019UNIVERSITE DE POITIERS). L\u2019UNIVERSITE DE POITIERS. Retrieved from https:\/\/theses.fr\/2010POIT2301"},{"key":"3129_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511573064","volume-title":"Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology","author":"FL Bookstein","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bookstein FL (1992) Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511573064"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59734-x","volume":"16","author":"J Braga","year":"2025","unstructured":"Braga J, Moggi-Cecchi J (2025) Infant craniofacial diversity in Early Pleistocene Homo. Nat Commun 16(1):4796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-59734-x","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5238","key":"3129_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/2251112a0","volume":"225","author":"CK Brain","year":"1970","unstructured":"Brain CK (1970) New Finds at the Swartkrans Australopithecine Site. Nature 225(5238):1112\u20131119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/2251112a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3129_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48738\/2021.iss1.64","author":"JK Brophy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brophy JK, Elliott MC, Ruiter DJD, Bolter DR, Churchill SE, Walker CS, Berger LR (2021) Immature Hominin Craniodental Remains From a New Locality in the Rising Star Cave System, South Africa. PaleoAnthropology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48738\/2021.iss1.64","journal-title":"PaleoAnthropology"},{"issue":"7012","key":"3129_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02999","volume":"431","author":"P Brown","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brown P, Sutikna T, Morwood MJ, Soejono RP, Jatmiko W, Saptomo E, Due A, R (2004) A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 431(7012):1055\u20131061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature02999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3129_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bruner E (2014) Functional craniology, human evolution, and anatomical constraints in the neanderthal braincase. In: T. Akazawa, N. Ogihara, H. C Tanabe, & H. Terashima (Eds.), Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans Volume 2: Cognitive and Physical Perspectives. Springer Japan. pp 121\u2013129 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-4-431-54553-8_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-54553-8_13"},{"key":"3129_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2014.10.007","volume":"368","author":"E Bruner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bruner E, Grimaud-Herv\u00e9 D, Wu X, de la Cu\u00e9tara JM, Holloway R (2015) A paleoneurological survey of Homo erectus endocranial metrics. Quaternary Int Groundw Cult Herit 368:80\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quaint.2014.10.007","journal-title":"Quaternary Int Groundw Cult Herit"},{"issue":"2","key":"3129_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24717","volume":"181","author":"E Bruner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bruner E, Holloway R, Baab KL, Rogers MJ, Semaw S (2023) The endocast from Dana Aoule North (DAN5\/P1): A 1.5 million year-old human braincase from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Am J Biol Anthropol 181(2):206\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24717","journal-title":"Am J Biol Anthropol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3129_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.10.005","volume":"58","author":"E Bruner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bruner E, Holloway RL (2010) A bivariate approach to the widening of the frontal lobes in the genus Homo. J Hum Evol 58(2):138\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.10.005","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3129_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.09.017","volume":"17","author":"RL Buckner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buckner RL, Krienen FM (2013) The evolution of distributed association networks in the human brain. Trends Cogn Sci 17(12):648\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2013.09.017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"52","key":"3129_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26653","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907702116","volume":"116","author":"JR Burger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burger JR, Hou C, Brown JH (2019) Toward a metabolic theory of life history. Proc Natl Acad Sci 116(52):26653\u201326661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1907702116","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"3129_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa365","volume":"31","author":"J-P Changeux","year":"2021","unstructured":"Changeux J-P, Goulas A, Hilgetag CC (2021) A Connectomic Hypothesis for the Hominization of the Brain. Cereb Cortex 31(5):2425\u20132449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa365","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"6","key":"3129_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.1360010604","volume":"1","author":"EL Charnov","year":"1993","unstructured":"Charnov EL, Berrigan D (1993) Why do female primates have such long lifespans and so few babies? Or Life in the slow lane. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews 1(6):191\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/evan.1360010604","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews"},{"key":"3129_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.02.006","volume":"130","author":"Z Cofran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cofran Z (2019) Brain size growth in Australopithecus. J Hum Evol 130:72\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.02.006","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24165","volume":"174","author":"Z Cofran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cofran Z, Boone M, Petticord M (2021) Virtually estimated endocranial volumes of the Krapina Neandertals. Am J Phys Anthropol 174(1):117\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24165","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3129_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.02.011","volume":"81","author":"Z Cofran","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cofran Z, DeSilva JM (2015) A neonatal perspective on Homo erectus brain growth. J Hum Evol 81:41\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.02.011","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3129_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170339","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2017.0339","volume":"13","author":"Z Cofran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cofran Z, Walker CS (2017) Dental development in Homo naledi. Biol Lett 13(8):20170339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2017.0339","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"3129_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2757","volume":"27","author":"B Cohen-Sacher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cohen-Sacher B, Lerman-Sagie T, Lev D, Malinger G (2006) Sonographic developmental milestones of the fetal cerebral cortex: A longitudinal study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 27(5):494\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/uog.2757","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"3129_CR43","unstructured":"Connolly CJ (1950) External Morphology of the Primate Brain. Springfield, Ill.: C. C. Thomas. Retrieved from https:\/\/catalog.hathitrust.org\/Record\/001576611"},{"key":"3129_CR44","unstructured":"Cunningham DJ, Horsley V (1892) Contribution to the Surface Anatomy of the Cerebral Hemispheres. Academy House"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21718","volume":"42","author":"BA Curry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Curry BA, Drane AL, Atencia R, Feltrer Y, Howatson G, Calvi T, Shave R (2023) Body mass and growth rates in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) cared for in African wildlife sanctuaries, zoological institutions, and research facilities. Zoo Biol 42(1):98\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/zoo.21718","journal-title":"Zoo Biol"},{"issue":"2884","key":"3129_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/115195a0","volume":"115","author":"RA Dart","year":"1925","unstructured":"Dart RA (1925) Australopithecus africanus The Man-Ape of South Africa. Nature 115(2884):195\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/115195a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"3129_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000102973","volume":"70","author":"RO Deaner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deaner RO, Isler K, Burkart J, van Schaik C (2007) Overall Brain Size, and Not Encephalization Quotient, Best Predicts Cognitive Ability across Non-Human Primates. Brain Behav Evol 70(2):115\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000102973","journal-title":"Brain Behav Evol"},{"key":"3129_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/147470490600400114","volume":"4","author":"RO Deaner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Deaner RO, van Schaik CP, Johnson V (2006) Do Some Taxa Have Better Domain-General Cognition than others? A Meta-Analysis of Nonhuman Primate Studies. Evolutionary Psychol 4:149\u2013196","journal-title":"Evolutionary Psychol"},{"key":"3129_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dean MC, Smith BH (2009) Growth and Development of the Nariokotome Youth, KNM-WT 15000. In F. E. Grine, J. G. Fleagle, & R. E. Leakey (Eds.), The First Humans \u2013 Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo: Contributions from the Third Stony Brook Human Evolution Symposium and Workshop October 3 \u2013 October 7, 2006. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp 101\u2013120 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4020-9980-9_10","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9980-9_10"},{"key":"3129_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2023.103372","volume":"180","author":"LK Delezene","year":"2023","unstructured":"Delezene LK, Skinner MM, Bailey SE, Brophy JK, Elliott MC, Gurtov A, Berger LR (2023) Descriptive catalog of Homo naledi dental remains from the 2013 to 2015 excavations of the Dinaledi Chamber, site U.W. 101, within the Rising Star cave system, South Africa. J Hum Evol 180:103372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2023.103372","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"3129_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.03.019","volume":"132","author":"DJ de Ruiter","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Ruiter DJ, Laird MF, Elliott M, Schmid P, Brophy J, Hawks J, Berger LR (2019) Homo naledi cranial remains from the Lesedi chamber of the rising star cave system, South Africa. J Hum Evol 132:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.03.019","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"3129_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DeSilva JM, Traniello JFA, Claxton AG, Fannin LD (2021) When and why did human brains decrease in size? a new change-point analysis and insights from brain evolution in ants. Front Ecol Evol 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fevo.2021.742639","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.742639"},{"key":"3129_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e09561","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.09561","volume":"4","author":"PH Dirks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dirks PH, Berger LR, Roberts EM, Kramers JD, Hawks J, Randolph-Quinney PS, Tucker S (2015) Geological and taphonomic context for the new hominin species Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa. eLife 4:e09561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.09561","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"3129_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24231","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.24231","volume":"6","author":"PH Dirks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dirks PH, Roberts EM, Hilbert-Wolf H, Kramers JD, Hawks J, Dosseto A, Berger LR (2017) The age of Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa. eLife 6:e24231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.24231","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"4615","key":"3129_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1126\/science.221.4615.1072","volume":"221","author":"D Falk","year":"1983","unstructured":"Falk D (1983) Cerebral Cortices of East African Early Hominids. Science 221(4615):1072\u20131074","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3129_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Falk D (2014) Interpreting sulci on hominin endocasts: Old hypotheses and new findings. Front Hum Neurosci 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00134","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00134"},{"key":"3129_CR57","unstructured":"Feuerriegel EM, Voisin J-L, Churchill SE, Haeusler M, Mathews S, Schmid P, Berger (2019) and L. R. Upper Limb Fossils of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber, Rising Star System, South Africa. PaleoAnthropology, 2019, 311\u2013349"},{"key":"3129_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10025","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10025","volume":"8","author":"C Fichtel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fichtel C, Dinter K, Kappeler PM (2020) The lemur baseline: How lemurs compare to monkeys and apes in the Primate Cognition Test Battery. PeerJ 8:e10025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.10025","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"3129_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.07.004","volume":"46","author":"AD Friederici","year":"2023","unstructured":"Friederici AD (2023) Evolutionary neuroanatomical expansion of Broca\u2019s region serving a human-specific function. Trends Neurosci 46(10):786\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2023.07.004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"3129_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garcia KE, Robinson EC, Alexopoulos D, Dierker DL, Glasser MF, Coalson TS, Bayly PV (2018) Dynamic patterns of cortical expansion during folding of the preterm human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(12), 3156\u20133161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1715451115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715451115"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26971-9","volume":"12","author":"KE Garcia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia KE, Wang X, Kroenke CD (2021) A model of tension-induced fiber growth predicts white matter organization during brain folding. Nat Commun 12(1):6681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-26971-9","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3129_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.06.010","volume":"111","author":"HM Garvin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garvin HM, Elliott MC, Delezene LK, Hawks J, Churchill SE, Berger LR, Holliday TW (2017) Body size, brain size, and sexual dimorphism in Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber. J Hum Evol 111:119\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.06.010","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"3129_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.05.005","volume":"85","author":"M Grabowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grabowski M, Hatala KG, Jungers WL, Richmond BG (2015) Body mass estimates of hominin fossils and the evolution of human body size. J Hum Evol 85:75\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.05.005","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"3129_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.03.001","volume":"94","author":"M Grabowski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grabowski M, Voje KL, Hansen TF (2016) Evolutionary modeling and correcting for observation error support a 3\/5 brain-body allometry for primates. J Hum Evol 94:106\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.03.001","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"7554","key":"3129_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14268","volume":"522","author":"DE Granger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Granger DE, Gibbon RJ, Kuman K, Clarke RJ, Bruxelles L, Caffee MW (2015) New cosmogenic burial ages for Sterkfontein Member 2 Australopithecus and Member 5 Oldowan. Nature 522(7554):85\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature14268","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3129_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Granger DE, Stratford D, Bruxelles L, Gibbon RJ, Clarke RJ, Kuman K (2022) Cosmogenic nuclide dating of Australopithecus at Sterkfontein, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(27), e2123516119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2123516119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2123516119"},{"key":"3129_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.03.007","volume":"121","author":"D Guatelli-Steinberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guatelli-Steinberg D, O\u2019Hara MC, Le Cabec A, Delezene LK, Reid DJ, Skinner MM, Berger LR (2018) Patterns of lateral enamel growth in Homo naledi as assessed through perikymata distribution and number. J Hum Evol 121:40\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.03.007","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4404\/hystrix-24.1-6292","volume":"24","author":"P Gunz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gunz P, Mitteroecker P (2013) Semilandmarks: A method for quantifying curves and surfaces. Hystrix Italian J Mammalogy 24(1):103\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4404\/hystrix-24.1-6292","journal-title":"Hystrix Italian J Mammalogy"},{"key":"3129_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gunz P, Mitteroecker P, Bookstein FL (2005) Semilandmarks in Three Dimensions. In D. E. Slice (Ed.), Modern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology (pp. 73\u201398). Boston, MA: Springer US. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/0-387-27614-9_3","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-27614-9_3"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.04.004","volume":"57","author":"P Gunz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gunz P, Mitteroecker P, Neubauer S, Weber GW, Bookstein FL (2009) Principles for the virtual reconstruction of hominin crania. J Hum Evol 57(1):48\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.04.004","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"14","key":"3129_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaz4729","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz4729","volume":"6","author":"P Gunz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gunz P, Neubauer S, Falk D, Tafforeau P, Le Cabec A, Smith TM, Alemseged Z (2020) Australopithecus afarensis endocasts suggest ape-like brain organization and prolonged brain growth. Sci Adv 6(14):eaaz4729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aaz4729","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"2","key":"3129_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.11.013","volume":"62","author":"P Gunz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gunz P, Neubauer S, Golovanova L, Doronichev V, Maureille B, Hublin J-J (2012) A uniquely modern human pattern of endocranial development. Insights from a new cranial reconstruction of the Neandertal newborn from Mezmaiskaya. J Hum Evol 62(2):300\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.11.013","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"21","key":"3129_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.10.018","volume":"20","author":"P Gunz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gunz P, Neubauer S, Maureille B, Hublin J-J (2010) Brain development after birth differs between Neanderthals and modern humans. Curr Biol 20(21):R921\u2013R922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2010.10.018","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.10.065","volume":"29","author":"P Gunz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gunz P, Tilot AK, Wittfeld K, Teumer A, Shapland CY, van Erp TGM, Fisher SE (2019) Neandertal Introgression Sheds Light on Modern Human Endocranial Globularity. Curr Biol 29(1):120\u2013127e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2018.10.065","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"1588","key":"3129_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3380","volume":"273","author":"M Gurven","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gurven M, Walker R (2005) Energetic demand of multiple dependents and the evolution of slow human growth. Proc Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 273(1588):835\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2005.3380","journal-title":"Proc Royal Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"key":"3129_CR76","unstructured":"Halazonetis D (2013) Viewbox. Kifissia, Greece: dHAL Software. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dhal.com\/viewbox.htm"},{"key":"3129_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24232","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.24232","volume":"6","author":"J Hawks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hawks J, Elliott M, Schmid P, Churchill SE, de Ruiter DJ, Roberts EM, Berger LR (2017) New fossil remains of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber, South Africa. eLife 6:e24232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.24232","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"3129_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hayden BY, Heilbronner SR, Yoo SBM (2025) Rethinking the centrality of brain areas in understanding functional organization. Nat Neurosci 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-025-02166-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-02166-z"},{"key":"3129_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herculano-Houzel S (2009) The human brain in numbers: A linearly scaled-up primate brain. Front Hum Neurosci 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/neuro.09.031.2009","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.031.2009"},{"key":"3129_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herculano-Houzel S, Collins CE, Wong P, Kaas JH (2007) Cellular scaling rules for primate brains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(9), 3562\u20133567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0611396104","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611396104"},{"key":"3129_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herculano-Houzel S, Mota B, Wong P, Kaas JH (2010) Connectivity-driven white matter scaling and folding in primate cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(44), 19008\u201319013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1012590107","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012590107"},{"issue":"6486","key":"3129_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw7293","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw7293","volume":"368","author":"AIR Herries","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herries AIR, Martin JM, Leece AB, Adams JW, Boschian G, Joannes-Boyau R, Menter C (2020) Contemporaneity of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo erectus in South Africa. Science 368(6486):eaaw7293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaw7293","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5843","key":"3129_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146282","volume":"317","author":"E Herrmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Herrmann E, Call J, Hern\u00e0ndez-Lloreda MV, Hare B, Tomasello M (2007) Humans Have Evolved Specialized Skills of Social Cognition: The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis. Science 317(5843):1360\u20131366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1146282","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"3129_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1312-9","volume":"43","author":"MA Holland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holland MA, Miller KE, Kuhl E (2015) Emerging Brain Morphologies from Axonal Elongation. Ann Biomed Eng 43(7):1640\u20131653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-015-1312-9","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"3129_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0522-2_5","volume-title":"Postnatal Growth Neurobiology","author":"MA Holliday","year":"1986","unstructured":"Holliday MA (1986) Body Composition and Energy Needs during Growth. In: Falkner F, Tanner JM (eds) Postnatal Growth Neurobiology. Springer US, Boston, MA, pp 101\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-0522-2_5"},{"key":"3129_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holloway RL, Broadfield D, Yuan M (2004) The Human Fossil Record: Brain Endocasts\u2014The Paleoneurological Evidence. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0471663573.app1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471663573.app1"},{"issue":"22","key":"3129_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720842115","volume":"115","author":"RL Holloway","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holloway RL, Hurst SD, Garvin HM, Schoenemann PT, Vanti WB, Berger LR, Hawks J (2018) Endocast morphology of Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci 115(22):5738\u20135743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1720842115","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"3129_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2024.103637","volume":"200","author":"S Hurst","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hurst S, Holloway R, Garvin H, Bocko G, Garcia K, Cofran Z, Berger L (2025) A reanalysis of the Taung endocranial surface: Comparison with large samples of living hominids. J Hum Evol 200:103637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2024.103637","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3129_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24983","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24983","volume":"184","author":"S Hurst","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hurst S, Holloway RL, Balzeau A, Garvin HM, Vanti WB, Berger LR, Hawks J (2024) The endocast morphology of LES1, Homo naledi. Am J Biol Anthropol 184(4):e24983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24983","journal-title":"Am J Biol Anthropol"},{"key":"3129_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.05.007","volume":"122","author":"JD Irish","year":"2018","unstructured":"Irish JD, Bailey SE, Guatelli-Steinberg D, Delezene LK, Berger LR (2018) Ancient teeth, phenetic affinities, and African hominins: Another look at where Homo naledi fits in. J Hum Evol 122:108\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.05.007","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3129_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24353","volume":"176","author":"JD Irish","year":"2021","unstructured":"Irish JD, Grabowski M (2021) Relative tooth size, Bayesian inference, and Homo naledi. Am J Phys Anthropol 176(2):262\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24353","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"32","key":"3129_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19538","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2002896117","volume":"117","author":"M I Sereno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sereno MI, Diedrichsen I, Tachrount M, Testa-Silva G, d\u2019Arceuil H, De Zeeuw C (2020) The human cerebellum has almost 80% of the surface area of the neocortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci 117(32):19538\u201319543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2002896117","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"3129_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.08.004","volume":"55","author":"K Isler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Isler K, Christopher Kirk E, Miller JMA, Albrecht GA, Gelvin BR, Martin RD (2008) Endocranial volumes of primate species: Scaling analyses using a comprehensive and reliable data set. J Hum Evol 55(6):967\u2013978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.08.004","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"S6","key":"3129_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S453","DOI":"10.1086\/667623","volume":"53","author":"K Isler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Isler K, van Schaik CP (2012) How Our Ancestors Broke through the Gray Ceiling: Comparative Evidence for Cooperative Breeding in Early Homo. Curr Anthropol 53(S6):S453\u2013S465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/667623","journal-title":"Curr Anthropol"},{"issue":"3144","key":"3129_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1126\/science.121.3144.447","volume":"121","author":"HJ Jerison","year":"1955","unstructured":"Jerison HJ (1955) Brain to Body Ratios and the Evolution of Intelligence. Science 121(3144):447\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.121.3144.447","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3129_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jerison HJ (1973) Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. New York: Academic Press. Retrieved from http:\/\/p5070-www.sciencedirect.com\/book\/monograph\/9780123852502\/evolution-of-the-brain-and-intelligence","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385250-2.50018-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"3129_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6505(2000)9","volume":"9","author":"H Kaplan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kaplan H, Hill K, Lancaster J, Hurtado AM (2000) A theory of human life history evolution: Diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews 9(4):156\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1520-6505(2000)9:4%253C156::AID-EVAN5%253E3.0.CO;2-7","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"3129_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0021","volume":"30","author":"J Kappelman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kappelman J (1996) The evolution of body mass and relative brain size in fossil hominids. J Hum Evol 30(3):243\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jhev.1996.0021","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3129_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.10520\/AJA00382353_8903","volume":"96","author":"AW Keyser","year":"2000","unstructured":"Keyser AW, Menter CG, Moggi-Cecchi J, Rayne Pickering P, Berger LR (2000) Drimolen: A new hominid-bearing site in Gauteng, South Africa. South Afr J Sci 96(4):193\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.10520\/AJA00382353_8903","journal-title":"South Afr J Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24331-0","volume":"8","author":"T Kochiyama","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kochiyama T, Ogihara N, Tanabe HC, Kondo O, Amano H, Hasegawa K, Akazawa T (2018) Reconstructing the Neanderthal brain using computational anatomy. Sci Rep 8(1):6296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-24331-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3129_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-54553-8_24","volume-title":"Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans Volume 2: Cognitive and Physical Perspectives","author":"D Kubo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kubo D, Tanabe HC, Kondo O, Ogihara N, Yogi A, Murayama S, Ishida H (2014) Cerebellar Size Estimation from Endocranial Measurements: An Evaluation Based on MRI Data. In: Akazawa T, Ogihara N, Tanabe HC, Terashima H (eds) Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans Volume 2: Cognitive and Physical Perspectives. Springer Japan, Tokyo, pp 209\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-4-431-54553-8_24"},{"issue":"1760","key":"3129_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130338","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0338","volume":"280","author":"D Kubo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kubo D, T Kono R, Kaifu Y (2013) Brain size of Homo floresiensis and its evolutionary implications. Proc Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 280(1760):20130338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2013.0338","journal-title":"Proc Royal Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"key":"3129_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuzawa CW, Chugani HT, Grossman LI, Lipovich L, Muzik O, Hof PR, Lange N (2014) Metabolic costs and evolutionary implications of human brain development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(36), 13010\u201313015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1323099111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323099111"},{"issue":"2","key":"3129_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13966","volume":"244","author":"N Labra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Labra N, Mounier A, Leprince Y, Rivi\u00e8re D, Didier M, Bardinet E, Balzeau A (2024) What do brain endocasts tell us? A comparative analysis of the accuracy of sulcal identification by experts and perspectives in palaeoanthropology. J Anat 244(2):274\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.13966","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"3","key":"3129_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.10111","volume":"12","author":"KN Laland","year":"2003","unstructured":"Laland KN, Hoppitt W (2003) Do animals have culture? Evol Anthropol 12(3):150\u2013159","journal-title":"Evol Anthropol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430130105","volume":"13","author":"SR Leigh","year":"1994","unstructured":"Leigh SR (1994) Relations between captive and noncaptive weights in anthropoid primates. Zoo Biol 13(1):21\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/zoo.1430130105","journal-title":"Zoo Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.02.008","volume":"50","author":"SR Leigh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leigh SR (2006) Brain ontogeny and life history in Homo erectus. J Hum Evol 50(1):104\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.02.008","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"6156","key":"3129_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1238484","volume":"342","author":"D Lordkipanidze","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lordkipanidze D, Ponce de Le\u00f3n MS, Margvelashvili A, Rak Y, Rightmire GP, Vekua A, Zollikofer CPE (2013) A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early Homo. Science 342(6156):326\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1238484","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3129_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MacLean EL, Hare B, Nunn CL, Addessi E, Amici F, Anderson RC, Zhao Y (2014) The evolution of self-control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(20), E2140\u2013E2148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1323533111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323533111"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24893","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24893","volume":"184","author":"P Mahoney","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mahoney P, McFarlane G, Taurozzi AJ, Madupe PP, O\u2019Hara MC, Molopyane K, Berger L (2024) Human-like enamel growth in Homo naledi. Am J Biol Anthropol 184(1):e24893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24893","journal-title":"Am J Biol Anthropol"},{"key":"3129_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.09.005","volume":"104","author":"D Marchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marchi D, Walker CS, Wei P, Holliday TW, Churchill SE, Berger LR, DeSilva JM (2017) The thigh and leg of Homo naledi. J Hum Evol 104:174\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.09.005","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"3129_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martin\u00f3n-Torres M, Garate D, Herries AIR, Petraglia MD (2023) No scientific evidence that Homo naledi buried their dead and produced rock art. J Hum Evol 103464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2023.103464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2023.103464"},{"issue":"5","key":"3129_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2000.0435","volume":"39","author":"S Mcbrearty","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mcbrearty S, Brooks AS (2000) The revolution that wasn\u2019t: A new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. J Hum Evol 39(5):453\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jhev.2000.0435","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3129_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22100","volume":"75","author":"SC McFarlin","year":"2013","unstructured":"McFarlin SC, Barks SK, Tocheri MW, Massey JS, Eriksen AB, Fawcett KA, Sherwood CC (2013) Early Brain Growth Cessation in Wild Virunga Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Am J Primatol 75(5):450\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajp.22100","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"issue":"5502","key":"3129_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/254686a0","volume":"254","author":"HM McHenry","year":"1975","unstructured":"McHenry HM (1975) Fossil hominid body weight and brain size. Nature 254(5502):686\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/254686a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330450110","volume":"45","author":"HM McHenry","year":"1976","unstructured":"McHenry HM (1976) Early hominid body weight and encephalization. Am J Phys Anthropol 45(1):77\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330450110","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3129_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McHenry HM, Coffing K (2000) Australopithecus to Homo: Transformations in Body and Mind. Annual Review of Anthropology, 29(Volume 29, 2000), 125\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.anthro.29.1.125","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.29.1.125"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01814392","volume":"85","author":"G Mingazzini","year":"1928","unstructured":"Mingazzini G (1928) Beitrag zur Morphologie der \u00e4u\u00dferen Gro\u00dfhirnhemisph\u00e4renoberfl\u00e4che bei den Anthropoiden (Schimpanse und Orang). Arch Psychiatr Nervenkrankh 85(1):1\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01814392","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nervenkrankh"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4404\/hystrix-24.1-6369","volume":"24","author":"P Mitteroecker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mitteroecker P, Gunz P, Windhager S, Schaefer K (2013) A brief review of shape, form, and allometry in geometric morphometrics, with applications to human facial morphology. Hystrix Italian J Mammalogy 24(1):59\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4404\/hystrix-24.1-6369","journal-title":"Hystrix Italian J Mammalogy"},{"issue":"4","key":"3129_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330180406","volume":"18","author":"ML Moss","year":"1960","unstructured":"Moss ML, Young RW (1960) A functional approach to craniology. Am J Phys Anthropol 18(4):281\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330180406","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3129_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000365276","volume":"84","author":"S Neubauer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Neubauer S (2014) Endocasts: Possibilities and Limitations for the Interpretation of Human Brain Evolution. Brain Behav Evol 84(2):117\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000365276","journal-title":"Brain Behav Evol"},{"key":"3129_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-56582-6_12","volume-title":"Digital Endocasts: From Skulls to Brains","author":"S Neubauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neubauer S, Gunz P (2018) Endocasts and the Evo-Devo Approach to Study Human Brain Evolution. In: Bruner E, Ogihara N, Tanabe HC (eds) Digital Endocasts: From Skulls to Brains. Springer Japan, Tokyo, pp 173\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-4-431-56582-6_12"},{"issue":"5","key":"3129_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.06.011","volume":"59","author":"S Neubauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Neubauer S, Gunz P, Hublin J-J (2010) Endocranial shape changes during growth in chimpanzees and humans: A morphometric analysis of unique and shared aspects. J Hum Evol 59(5):555\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.06.011","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"3129_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.04.005","volume":"121","author":"S Neubauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neubauer S, Gunz P, Leakey L, Leakey M, Hublin J-J, Spoor F (2018a) Reconstruction, endocranial form and taxonomic affinity of the early Homo calvaria KNM-ER 42700. J Hum Evol 121:25\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2018.04.005","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3129_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2012.01.005","volume":"62","author":"S Neubauer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Neubauer S, Gunz P, Weber GW, Hublin J-J (2012) Endocranial volume of Australopithecus africanus: New CT-based estimates and the effects of missing data and small sample size. J Hum Evol 62(4):498\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2012.01.005","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaao5961","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao5961","volume":"4","author":"S Neubauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neubauer S, Hublin J-J, Gunz P (2018b) The evolution of modern human brain shape. Sci Adv 4(1):eaao5961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aao5961","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"7965","key":"3129_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06098-1","volume":"618","author":"JC Pang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pang JC, Aquino KM, Oldehinkel M, Robinson PA, Fulcher BD, Breakspear M, Fornito A (2023) Geometric constraints on human brain function. Nature 618(7965):566\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06098-1","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"3129_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12693","volume":"231","author":"AS Pereira-Pedro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pereira-Pedro AS, Masters M, Bruner E (2017) Shape analysis of spatial relationships between orbito-ocular and endocranial structures in modern humans and fossil hominids. J Anat 231(6):947\u2013960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.12693","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"1754","key":"3129_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180212","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0212","volume":"373","author":"P Pettitt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pettitt P (2018) Hominin evolutionary thanatology from the mortuary to funerary realm: The palaeoanthropological bridge between chemistry and culture. Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 373(1754):20180212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2018.0212","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"key":"3129_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pettitt P (2022) Did Homo naledi dispose of their dead in the Rising Star Cave system? South Afr J Sci 118(11\/12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17159\/sajs.2022\/15140","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2022\/15140"},{"key":"3129_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pettitt P (2024) The Cultural Ecology of Fear: Human Funerary Cognition in Evolutionary Perspective. In: Wynn T, Overmann KA, Coolidge FL (eds) Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Archaeology. Oxford University Press, p 0. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780192895950.013.25","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780192895950.013.25"},{"issue":"7738","key":"3129_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0711-0","volume":"565","author":"R Pickering","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pickering R, Herries AIR, Woodhead JD, Hellstrom JC, Green HE, Paul B, Hancox PJ (2019) U\u2013Pb-dated flowstones restrict South African early hominin record to dry climate phases. Nature 565(7738):226\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0711-0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3129_CR132","unstructured":"Plate T, Heiberger R (2024) abind: Combine Multidimensional Arrays. Retrieved from https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/abind\/index.html"},{"issue":"6538","key":"3129_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz0032","volume":"372","author":"MS Ponce de Le\u00f3n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ponce de Le\u00f3n MS, Bienvenu T, Marom A, Engel S, Tafforeau P, Warren A, Zollikofer JL, C. P. E (2021) The primitive brain of early Homo. Science 372(6538):165\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaz0032","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"3129_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24043","volume":"172","author":"A Profico","year":"2020","unstructured":"Profico A, Buzi C, Melchionna M, Veneziano A, Raia P (2020) Endomaker, a new algorithm for fully automatic extraction of cranial endocasts and the calculation of their volumes. Am J Phys Anthropol 172(3):511\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24043","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"9\/10","key":"3129_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2015\/a0122","volume":"111","author":"PS Randolph-Quinney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Randolph-Quinney PS (2015) A new star rising: Biology and mortuary behaviour of Homo naledi. South Afr J Sci 111(9\/10):4\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17159\/sajs.2015\/a0122","journal-title":"South Afr J Sci"},{"key":"3129_CR135","unstructured":"R Core Team (2021) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"3129_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20095","volume":"15","author":"JK Rilling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rilling JK (2006) Human and nonhuman primate brains: Are they allometrically scaled versions of the same design? Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews 15(2):65\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/evan.20095","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"3129_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1159\/000006575","volume":"52","author":"JK Rilling","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rilling JK, Insel TR (1998) Evolution of the Cerebellum in Primates: Differences in Relative Volume among Monkeys, Apes and Humans. Brain Behav Evol 52(6):308\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000006575","journal-title":"Brain Behav Evol"},{"key":"3129_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2021.120108","volume":"567","author":"JL Robbins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robbins JL, Dirks PHGM, Roberts EM, Kramers JD, Makhubela TV, Hilbert-Wolf HL, Berger LR (2021) Providing context to the Homo naledi fossils: Constraints from flowstones on the age of sediment deposits in Rising Star Cave, South Africa. Chem Geol 567:120108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2021.120108","journal-title":"Chem Geol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3129_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.03.005","volume":"9","author":"G Roth","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roth G, Dicke U (2005) Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Trends Cogn Sci 9(5):250\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2005.03.005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"3129_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.10.014","volume":"115","author":"CB Ruff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruff CB, Burgess ML, Squyres N, Junno J-A, Trinkaus E (2018) Lower limb articular scaling and body mass estimation in Pliocene and Pleistocene hominins. J Hum Evol 115:85\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.10.014","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3129_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24090","volume":"173","author":"CB Ruff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruff CB, Squyres N, Junno J-A (2020) Body mass estimation in hominins from humeral articular dimensions. Am J Phys Anthropol 173(3):480\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24090","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3129_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21988","volume":"32","author":"CB Ruff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruff CB, Wood BA (2023) The estimation and evolution of hominin body mass. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews 32(4):223\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/evan.21988","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews"},{"key":"3129_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2023.103358","volume":"179","author":"EML Scerri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scerri EML, Will M (2023) The revolution that still isn\u2019t: The origins of behavioral complexity in Homo sapiens. J Hum Evol 179:103358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2023.103358","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3129_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp138","volume":"20","author":"NM Schenker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schenker NM, Hopkins WD, Spocter MA, Garrison AR, Stimpson CD, Erwin JM, Sherwood CC (2010) Broca\u2019s Area Homologue in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Probabilistic Mapping, Asymmetry, and Comparison to Humans. Cereb Cortex 20(3):730\u2013742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhp138","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"3129_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schlager S (2017) Chapter 9 - Morpho and Rvcg \u2013 Shape Analysis in R: R-Packages for Geometric Morphometrics, Shape Analysis and Surface Manipulations. In G. Zheng, S. Li, & G. Sz\u00e9kely (Eds.), Statistical Shape and Deformation Analysis (pp. 217\u2013256). Academic Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-810493-4.00011-0","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-810493-4.00011-0"},{"key":"3129_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.09.014","volume":"104","author":"L Schroeder","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schroeder L, Scott JE, Garvin HM, Laird MF, Dembo M, Radov\u010di\u0107 D, Ackermann RR (2017) Skull diversity in the Homo lineage and the relative position of Homo naledi. J Hum Evol 104:124\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.09.014","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"3129_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schubiger MN, Fichtel C, Burkart JM (2020) Validity of Cognitive Tests for Non-human Animals: Pitfalls and Prospects. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01835","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01835"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37574-x","volume":"14","author":"E Schwartz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schwartz E, Nenning K-H, Heuer K, Jeffery N, Bertrand OC, Toro R, Langs G (2023) Evolution of cortical geometry and its link to function, behaviour and ecology. Nat Commun 14(1):2252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-37574-x","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"3129_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-014-9290-7","volume":"41","author":"N Scott","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scott N, Neubauer S, Hublin J-J, Gunz P (2014) A Shared Pattern of Postnatal Endocranial Development in Extant Hominoids. Evol Biol 41(4):572\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11692-014-9290-7","journal-title":"Evol Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3129_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw4694","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw4694","volume":"6","author":"S Semaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Semaw S, Rogers MJ, Simpson SW, Levin NE, Quade J, Dunbar N, Everett M (2020) Co-occurrence of Acheulian and Oldowan artifacts with Homo erectus cranial fossils from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Sci Adv 6(10):eaaw4694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aaw4694","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"3129_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53860-4.00011-8","volume":"195","author":"CC Sherwood","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sherwood CC, Bauernfeind AL, Bianchi S, Raghanti MA, Hof PR (2012) Human brain evolution writ large and small. In Progress in Brain Research. Elsevier 195:237\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-53860-4.00011-8","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"issue":"2","key":"3129_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10046","volume":"271A","author":"CC Sherwood","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sherwood CC, Broadfield DC, Holloway RL, Gannon PJ, Hof PR (2003) Variability of Broca\u2019s area homologue in African great apes: Implications for language evolution. Anat Record Part A: Discoveries Mol Cell Evolutionary Biology 271A(2):276\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.a.10046","journal-title":"Anat Record Part A: Discoveries Mol Cell Evolutionary Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3129_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00868.x","volume":"212","author":"CC Sherwood","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sherwood CC, Subiaul F, Zawidzki TW (2008) A natural history of the human mind: Tracing evolutionary changes in brain and cognition. J Anat 212(4):426\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00868.x","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"18","key":"3129_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabe2101","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe2101","volume":"7","author":"JB Smaers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smaers JB, Rothman RS, Hudson DR, Balanoff AM, Beatty B, Dechmann DKN, Safi K (2021) The evolution of mammalian brain size. Sci Adv 7(18):eabe2101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abe2101","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"6086","key":"3129_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/323327a0","volume":"323","author":"BH Smith","year":"1986","unstructured":"Smith BH (1986) Dental development in Australopithecus and early Homo. Nature 323(6086):327\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/323327a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"3129_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1996.0122","volume":"32","author":"RJ Smith","year":"1997","unstructured":"Smith RJ, Jungers WL (1997) Body mass in comparative primatology. J Hum Evol 32(6):523\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jhev.1996.0122","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"3129_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smith TM (2013) Teeth and Human Life-History Evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology, 42(Volume 42, 2013), 191\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-anthro-092412-155550","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-092412-155550"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56362-3","volume":"16","author":"A Solhtalab","year":"2025","unstructured":"Solhtalab A, Foroughi AH, Pierotich L, Razavi MJ (2025) Stress landscape of folding brain serves as a map for axonal pathfinding. Nat Commun 16(1):1187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-56362-3","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1585","key":"3129_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0099","volume":"367","author":"D Stout","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stout D, Chaminade T (2012) Stone tools, language and the brain in human evolution. Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci 367(1585):75\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2011.0099","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"key":"3129_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stout D, Hecht EE (2017) Evolutionary neuroscience of cumulative culture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(30), 7861\u20137868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1620738114","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620738114"},{"issue":"32, 2009","key":"3129_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125606","volume":"32","author":"PL Strick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strick PL, Dum RP, Fiez JA (2009) Cerebellum and Nonmotor Function. Annu Rev Neurosci 32(32, 2009):413\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125606","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X06009010","volume":"29","author":"GF Striedter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Striedter GF (2006) Pr\u00e9cis of Principles of Brain Evolution. Behav Brain Sci 29(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0140525X06009010","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"issue":"20","key":"3129_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadt1201","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt1201","volume":"11","author":"SM Syeda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Syeda SM, Dunmore CJ, Skinner MM, Berger LR, Churchill SE, Zipfel B, Kivell TL (2025) Phalangeal cortical bone distribution reveals different dexterous and climbing behaviors in Australopithecus sediba and Homo naledi. Sci Adv 11(20):eadt1201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.adt1201","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"6","key":"3129_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3632","volume":"12","author":"T Tallinen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tallinen T, Chung JY, Rousseau F, Girard N, Lef\u00e8vre J, Mahadevan L (2016) On the growth and form of cortical convolutions. Nat Phys 12(6):588\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nphys3632","journal-title":"Nat Phys"},{"key":"3129_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-56582-6_18","volume-title":"Digital Endocasts: From Skulls to Brains","author":"HC Tanabe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tanabe HC, Kubo D, Hasegawa K, Kochiyama T, Kondo O (2018) Cerebellum: Anatomy, Physiology, Function, and Evolution. In: Bruner E, Ogihara N, Tanabe HC (eds) Digital Endocasts: From Skulls to Brains. Springer Japan, Tokyo, pp 275\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-4-431-56582-6_18"},{"issue":"12","key":"3129_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi068","volume":"15","author":"R Toro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Toro R, Burnod Y (2005) A Morphogenetic Model for the Development of Cortical Convolutions. Cereb Cortex 15(12):1900\u20131913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhi068","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"3129_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.02.004","volume":"96","author":"A Val","year":"2016","unstructured":"Val A (2016) Deliberate body disposal by hominins in the Dinaledi Chamber, Cradle of Humankind, South Africa? J Hum Evol 96:145\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.02.004","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"issue":"6614","key":"3129_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/385313a0","volume":"385","author":"DC Van Essen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Van Essen DC (1997) A tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system. Nature 385(6614):313\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/385313a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3129_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Essen DC (2020) A 2020 view of tension-based cortical morphogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(52), 32868\u201332879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2016830117","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016830117"},{"issue":"4","key":"3129_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24124","volume":"173","author":"C VanSickle","year":"2020","unstructured":"VanSickle C, Cofran Z, Hunt D (2020) Did Neandertals have large brains? Factors affecting endocranial volume comparisons. Am J Phys Anthropol 173(4):768\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.24124","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"3129_CR173","first-page":"105","volume":"71","author":"AE Walker","year":"1936","unstructured":"Walker AE, Fulton JF (1936) The External Configuration of the Cerebral Hemispheres of the Chimpanzee. J Anat 71(Pt 1):105\u2013116","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23877","volume":"170","author":"CS Walker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walker CS, Cofran Z, Grabowski M, Marchi D, Cook RW, Churchill SE, DeSilva JM (2019) Morphology of the Homo naledi femora from Lesedi. Am J Phys Anthropol 170(1):5\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.23877","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3129_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3576","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500692102","volume":"102","author":"A Weaver","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weaver A (2005) Reciprocal evolution of the cerebellum and neocortex in fossil humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102(10):3576\u20133580","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"S59","key":"3129_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22658","volume":"156","author":"GW Weber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weber GW (2015) Virtual Anthropology. Am J Phys Anthropol 156(S59):22\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.22658","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3129_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber GW, Bookstein FL (2011) Virtual Anthropology. New York: Springer. Retrieved from https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/9783211486474","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-49347-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"3129_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21496","volume":"25","author":"T Wynn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wynn T, Coolidge FL (2016) Archeological insights into hominin cognitive evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews 25(4):200\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/evan.21496","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews"},{"key":"3129_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yin S, Liu C, Choi G, Jung Y, Heuer K, Toro R, Mahadevan L (2025) Morphogenesis and morphometry of brain folding patterns across species. eLife 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.107138.2","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.107138.2"},{"issue":"10","key":"3129_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5621","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.090504197","volume":"97","author":"K Zhang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhang K, Sejnowski TJ (2000) A universal scaling law between gray matter and white matter of cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97(10):5621\u20135626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.090504197","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"8040","key":"3129_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08205-2","volume":"635","author":"CPE Zollikofer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zollikofer CPE, Beyrand V, Lordkipanidze D, Tafforeau P, Ponce de Le\u00f3n MS (2024) Dental evidence for extended growth in early Homo from Dmanisi. Nature 635(8040):906\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-08205-2","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3129_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zollikofer CPE, Bienvenu T, Beyene Y, Suwa G, Asfaw B, White TD, Ponce de Le\u00f3n MS (2022) Endocranial ontogeny and evolution in early Homo sapiens: The evidence from Herto, Ethiopia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(32), e2123553119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2123553119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2123553119"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12531","volume":"230","author":"CPE Zollikofer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zollikofer CPE, Bienvenu T, Ponce de Le\u00f3n MS (2017) Effects of cranial integration on hominid endocranial shape. J Anat 230(1):85\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joa.12531","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"1","key":"3129_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21333","volume":"22","author":"CPE Zollikofer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zollikofer CPE, Ponce de Le\u00f3n MS (2013) Pandora\u2019s growing box: Inferring the evolution and development of hominin brains from endocasts. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews 22(1):20\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/evan.21333","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews"}],"container-title":["Brain Structure and Function"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-026-03129-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00429-026-03129-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00429-026-03129-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T03:58:40Z","timestamp":1785124720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00429-026-03129-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":185,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["3129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00429-026-03129-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1863-2661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1863-2661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"89"}}