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NMDA receptor hypofunction during development is known to disrupt interneuron maturation, but its long-term impact on visual cortex circuitry and the potential for experience-dependent modulation in adulthood remain unclear. Here, we examined the effects of early postnatal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade with MK-801 on the number of PV+\u2009and somatostatin-expressing (SST+) interneurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) and assessed whether environmental enrichment (EE) in adulthood modulates these alterations by analyzing molecular changes using Western blot. Male Long\u2013Evans rats received MK-801 (0.5\u00a0mg\/kg) or saline from postnatal day 10\u201320, followed by EE exposure from P55\u201373. Stereological analyses revealed a marked reduction of PV-immunoreactive cells in layers II\/III and IV, while SST+ populations were largely preserved. EE increased the number of PV-immunoreactive cells across groups, and modestly enhanced SST+ cells in layer IV, although no treatment \u00d7 housing interaction was detected, indicating a general enrichment-related effect. At the molecular level, MK-801 reduced expression of the NMDA receptor subunit NR1 and increased Akt phosphorylation, whereas EE enhanced PSD95 expression, ERK phosphorylation, and GABA\n                    <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u03b22\/3 subunit levels, without increasing NR1 levels. These findings indicate that early NMDA receptor hypofunction induces long-lasting, subtype-specific alterations in inhibitory circuitry in V1. EE in adulthood engages molecular pathways associated with synaptic plasticity and modulates interneuron immunoreactivity, suggesting that inhibitory circuits retain some capacity for experience-dependent remodeling despite persistent receptor-level deficits.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-026-03168-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:49:51Z","timestamp":1785818991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental enrichment modulates parvalbumin interneuron deficits and plasticity-related signaling after early postnatal NMDA receptor hypofunction in male rat visual cortex"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"231","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9808-6943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ane","family":"Murueta-Goyena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7305-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naiara","family":"Ortuzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9059-0758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Bulnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Vicente","family":"Lafuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7805-2420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harkaitz","family":"Bengoetxea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"3168_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-0729-8","volume":"192","author":"T Abekawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abekawa T, Ito K, Nakagawa S, Koyama T (2007) Prenatal exposure to an NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 reduces density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive GABAergic neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex and enhances phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion but not behavioral sensitization to methamphetamine in postpubertal rats. 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