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Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning, we simultaneously recorded brain activity from 15 dyads of school-aged children during a naturalistic Tangram puzzle task, including rest, solo problem-solving, observation, and collaboration. We examined task-related neural activation and inter-brain connectivity (IBC) to assess how interpersonal neural dynamics relate to task context and behavior. No prespecified region-of-interest activation effect survived correction for multiple comparisons. At the exploratory channel level, a posterior-parietal channel showed a positive HbO response during collaboration relative to baseline. The global IBC did not differ significantly across experimental conditions, indicating that inter-brain synchrony was not determined solely by collaboration or social presence. Nevertheless, an exploratory association between global HbO coupling during Duo and total manual activity showed a relevant magnitude (Spearman rho = 0.581), a bootstrap 95% confidence interval excluding zero [0.038, 0.891], positive coefficients in every leave-one-dyad-out analysis, and a similar magnitude after excluding the first 8\u00a0s of each block (rho = .538), although it did not meet the FDR threshold across the broader sensitivity family, q = 0.131. Building on the emerging literature on dual-child portable fNIRS hyperscanning, the study reinforces the viability of this approach in an ecologically valid, hands-on task and suggests that block-wise inter-brain coupling may capture meaningful variation in dyad-level behavioral engagement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-026-03187-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T03:17:13Z","timestamp":1787973433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inter-brain coupling during naturalistic collaborative Tangram solving in child dyads: an exploratory fNIRS hyperscanning study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Raimundo","family":"da Silva Soares Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Ricardo","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"3187_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12494","volume":"18","author":"A Alonso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alonso A, McDorman SA, Romeo RR (2024) How parent\u2013child brain-to-brain synchrony can inform the study of child development. 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