{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:22:05Z","timestamp":1772119325205,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Unitaid","award":["2019-32-FIND MDR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-32-FIND MDR"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018936","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Heidelberg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003542","name":"Ministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation of innovative new diagnostics"},{"name":"DFID","award":["300341-102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300341-102"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018936","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Heidelberg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Microbiol Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended two SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen-detecting rapid diagnostics tests (Ag-RDTs), both initially with nasopharyngeal (NP) sample collection. Independent head-to-head studies are necessary for SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDT nasal sampling to demonstrate comparability of performance with nasopharyngeal (NP) sampling. We conducted a head-to-head comparison study of a supervised, self-collected nasal mid-turbinate (NMT) swab and a professional-collected NP swab, using the Panbio\u2122 Ag-RDT (distributed by Abbott). We calculated positive and negative percent agreement between the sampling methods as well as sensitivity and specificity for both sampling techniques compared to the reference standard reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A SARS-CoV-2 infection could be diagnosed by RT-PCR in 45 of 290 participants (15.5%). Comparing the NMT and NP sampling the positive percent agreement of the Ag-RDT was 88.1% (37\/42 PCR positives detected; CI 75.0\u201394.8%). The negative percent agreement was 98.8% (245\/248; CI 96.5\u201399.6%). The overall sensitivity of Panbio with NMT sampling was 84.4% (38\/45; CI 71.2\u201392.3%) and 88.9% (40\/45; CI 76.5\u201395.5%) with NP sampling. Specificity was 99.2% (243\/245; CI 97.1\u201399.8%) for both, NP and NMT sampling. The sensitivity of the Panbio test in participants with high viral load (&gt;\u20097 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies\/mL) was 96.3% (CI 81.7\u201399.8%) for both, NMT and NP sampling. For the Panbio supervised NMT self-sampling yields comparable results to NP sampling. This suggests that nasal self-sampling could be used for to enable scaled-up population testing.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Clinical Trial<\/jats:bold>\n                    DRKS00021220.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-021-00710-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T07:03:07Z","timestamp":1621839787000},"page":"181-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Head-to-head performance comparison of self-collected nasal versus professional-collected nasopharyngeal swab for a WHO-listed SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"210","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"drks00021220","registry":"10.18810\/drks"}],"author":[{"given":"Julian A. 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Accessed 24 Feb 2021"},{"key":"710_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021) WHO Emergency Use Assessment Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) IVDsPUBLIC REPORT, Product: Panbio COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device (NASAL). https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/pqweb\/key-resources\/documents\/who-eul-public-report-abbott-panbio-covid-19-ag-rapid-test-device-nasal-eul. Accessed 24 Feb 2021"},{"key":"710_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03961-2020","author":"AK Lindner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lindner AK, Nikolai O, Kausch F, Wintel M, Hommes F, Gertler M, Kruger LJ, Gaeddert M, Tobian F, Lainati F, Koppel L, Seybold J, Corman VM, Drosten C, Hofmann J, Sacks JA, Mockenhaupt FP, Denkinger CM (2021) Head-to-head comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test with self-collected nasal swab versus professional-collected nasopharyngeal swab. Eur Respir J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.03961-2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"710_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04430-2020","author":"AK Lindner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lindner AK, Nikolai O, Rohardt C, Burock S, Hulso C, Bolke A, Gertler M, Kruger LJ, Gaeddert M, Tobian F, Lainati F, Seybold J, Jones TC, Hofmann J, Sacks JA, Mockenhaupt FP, Denkinger CM (2021) Head-to-head comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test with professional-collected nasal versus nasopharyngeal swab. Eur Respir J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.04430-2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"710_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.09.21251274","author":"O Nikolai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nikolai O, Rohardt C, Tobian F, Junge A, Corman VM, Jones TC, Gaeddert M, Lainati F, Sacks JA, Seybold J, Mockenhaupt FP, Denkinger CM, Lindner AK (2021) Anterior nasal versus nasal mid-turbinate sampling for a SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test: does localisation or professional collection matter? medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.02.09.21251274","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"key":"710_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.10.20228973","author":"A Abdulrahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdulrahman A, Mustafa F, AlAwadhi AI, Alansari Q, AlAlawi B, AlQahtani M (2020) Comparison of SARS-COV-2 nasal antigen test to nasopharyngeal RT-PCR in mildly symptomatic patients. medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.11.10.20228973","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"key":"710_CR7","unstructured":"Abbott Global Point-of-Care (2020) Panbio\u2122 COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device. https:\/\/www.globalpointofcare.abbott\/en\/product-details\/panbio-covid-19-ag-antigen-test.html. 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Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}