{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T10:53:04Z","timestamp":1770461584982,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]],"date-time":"2022-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650153600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]],"date-time":"2022-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["38-2-7-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"ALF Research Fund","award":["ALFGBG-827291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-827291"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016290","name":"Cancer and Allergy Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2020-10154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-10154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016290","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council grants","award":["K2008-58X-14631-06-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2008-58X-14631-06-3"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council grants","award":["2020-01287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-01287"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005760","name":"University of Gothenburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Microbiol Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The tick-borne bacterium <jats:italic>Neoehrlichia mikurensis<\/jats:italic> causes the infectious disease neoehrlichiosis in humans. Vascular endothelium is one of the target cells of the infection. Neoehrlichiosis patients with compromised B cell immunity present with more severe inflammation than immunocompetent patients. The aim of this study was to compare the cytokine profiles of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients with neoehrlichiosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Blood samples from Swedish and Norwegian immunosuppressed (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200930) and immunocompetent (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916) patients with neoehrlichiosis were analyzed for the levels of 30 cytokines, using a multiplex cytokine assay and ELISA. A gender-matched healthy control group (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200914) was analyzed in parallel. Data were analyzed using the multivariate method OPLS-DA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The multiplex cytokine analyses generated more cytokine results than did the uniplex ELISA analyses. Multivariate analysis of the multiplex cytokine results established that increased levels of FGF2, GM-CSF, CXCL10, and IFN-\u03b3 were associated with immunosuppressed patients, whereas increased levels of IL-15 and VEGF were associated with immunocompetent neoehrlichiosis patients. When multivariate analysis findings were confirmed with uniplex ELISA, it was found that both groups of patients had similarly elevated levels of VEGF, FGF2 and IFN-\u03b3. In contrast, the immunosuppressed patients had clearly elevated levels of CXCL10, CXCL13 and BAFF, whereas the immunocompetent patients had the same levels as healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pro-angiogenic and type 1 cytokines were produced as part of the host response of neoehrlichiosis independent of immune status, whereas immunosuppressed neoehrlichiosis patients produced cytokines required for B cell-mediated defense.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-022-00737-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]],"date-time":"2022-04-17T13:03:01Z","timestamp":1650200581000},"page":"133-141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cytokine responses of immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients with Neoehrlichia mikurensis infection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"211","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6737-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Wass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanne","family":"Quarsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per-Eric","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Forsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Skoog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Lingblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Wenner\u00e5s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"737_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu189","volume":"58","author":"A Grankvist","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grankvist A, Andersson PO, Mattsson M et al (2014) Infections with the tick-borne bacterium \u201cCandidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis\u201d mimic noninfectious conditions in patients with B cell malignancies or autoimmune diseases. Clin Infect Dis 58(12):1716\u20131722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciu189","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"737_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.02.030","volume":"21","author":"C Wenneras","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wenneras C (2015) Infections with the tick-borne bacterium Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis. Clin Microbiol Infect 21(7):621\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.02.030","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"737_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00588-10","volume":"48","author":"FD von Loewenich","year":"2010","unstructured":"von Loewenich FD, Geissdorfer W, Disque C et al (2010) Detection of \u201cCandidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis\u201d in two patients with severe febrile illnesses: evidence for a European sequence variant. J Clin Microbiol 48(7):2630\u20132635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00588-10","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"737_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1810.120594","volume":"18","author":"H Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li H, Jiang J-F, Liu W et al (2012) Human infection with Candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis, China. Emerg Infect Dis 18(10):1636\u20131639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1810.120594","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"737_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00741-14","volume":"52","author":"R Welc-Fal\u0119ciak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Welc-Fal\u0119ciak R, Si\u0144ski E, Kowalec M et al (2014) Asymptomatic \u201cCandidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis\u201d Infections in Immunocompetent Humans. J Clin Microbiol 52(8):3072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00741-14","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"737_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.05.004","volume":"8","author":"H Quarsten","year":"2017","unstructured":"Quarsten H, Grankvist A, Hoyvoll L et al (2017) Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato detected in the blood of Norwegian patients with erythema migrans. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 8(5):715\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.05.004","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"737_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2108.150060","volume":"21","author":"A Grankvist","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grankvist A, Sandelin LL, Andersson J et al (2015) Infections with Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Cytokine Responses in 2 Persons Bitten by Ticks. Sweden Emerg Infect Dis 21(8):1462\u20131465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2108.150060","journal-title":"Sweden Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"737_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1217","author":"L H\u00f6per","year":"2020","unstructured":"H\u00f6per L, Skoog E, Stenson M et al (2020) Vasculitis due to Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis: a cohort study of 40 Swedish patients. Clin Infect Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1217","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"737_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1584017","volume":"8","author":"L Wass","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wass L, Grankvist A, Bell-Sakyi L et al (2019) Cultivation of the causative agent of human neoehrlichiosis from clinical isolates identifies vascular endothelium as a target of infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 8(1):413\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2019.1584017","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"737_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu441","volume":"54","author":"K Andreasson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andreasson K, Jonsson G, Lindell P et al (2015) Recurrent fever caused by Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis in a rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with rituximab. Rheumatology (Oxford) 54(2):369\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu441","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"737_CR11","first-page":"6","volume":"114","author":"A Dadgar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dadgar A, Grankvist A, Wernbro L et al (2017) Fever of unknown origin in a multiple sclerosis patient on immunomodulatory therapy was due to neoehrlichiosis [Oklar feber hos patient med MS och rituximab\u00adbehandling var neoehrlichios - Ny f\u00e4stingburen infektion som \u00e4r sv\u00e5r att diagnostisera]. Lakartidningen. 114:6","journal-title":"Lakartidningen."},{"key":"737_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071488","author":"A Grankvist","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grankvist A, Ja\u00e9n-Luchoro D, Wass L et al (2021) Comparative genomics of clinical isolates of the emerging tick-borne pathogen Neoehrlichia mikurensis. Microorganisms. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9071488","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"issue":"5","key":"737_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02423-09","volume":"48","author":"C Welinder-Olsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Welinder-Olsson C, Kjellin E, Vaht K et al (2010) First case of human \u201cCandidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis\u201d infection in a febrile patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Microbiol 48(5):1956\u20131959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.02423-09","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"737_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683935","DOI":"10.1080\/20008686.2019.1683935","volume":"9","author":"S Cronhjort","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cronhjort S, Wilhelmsson P, Karlsson L et al (2019) The tick-borne diseases STING study: Real-time PCR analysis of three emerging tick-borne pathogens in ticks that have bitten humans in different regions of Sweden and the Aland islands, Finland. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 9(1):1683935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008686.2019.1683935","journal-title":"Infect Ecol Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"737_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.10.030","volume":"71","author":"EJ Breen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Breen EJ, Polaskova V, Khan A (2015) Bead-based multiplex immuno-assays for cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and other analytes: median fluorescence intensities versus their derived absolute concentration values for statistical analysis. Cytokine 71(2):188\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.10.030","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"6","key":"737_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3148.2001.00340.x","volume":"11","author":"F Boehlen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boehlen F, Clemetson KJ (2001) Platelet chemokines and their receptors: what is their relevance to platelet storage and transfusion practice? Transfus Med 11(6):403\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-3148.2001.00340.x","journal-title":"Transfus Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"737_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1996.36596282589.x","volume":"36","author":"S Bubel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bubel S, Wilhelm D, Entelmann M et al (1996) Chemokines in stored platelet concentrates. Transfusion 36(5):445\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1996.36596282589.x","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"737_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2006.12.002","volume":"36","author":"DJ Phillips","year":"2006","unstructured":"Phillips DJ, League SC, Weinstein P et al (2006) Interference in microsphere flow cytometric multiplexed immunoassays for human cytokine estimation. Cytokine 36(3\u20134):180\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2006.12.002","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"2","key":"737_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11038.x","volume":"207","author":"N Ismail","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ismail N, Olano JP, Feng HM et al (2002) Current status of immune mechanisms of killing of intracellular microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 207(2):111\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11038.x","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"issue":"10","key":"737_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00880-15","volume":"53","author":"A Grankvist","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grankvist A, Moore ER, Svensson Stadler L et al (2015) Multilocus sequence analysis of clinical \u201cCandidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis\u201d strains from Europe. J Clin Microbiol 53(10):3126\u20133132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00880-15","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"737_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-4758(99)01467-2","volume":"15","author":"P Tott\u00e9","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tott\u00e9 P, Bensaid A, Mahan SM et al (1999) Immune responses to Cowdria ruminantium infections. Parasitol Today (Personal ed) 15(7):286\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0169-4758(99)01467-2","journal-title":"Parasitol Today (Personal ed)"},{"issue":"11","key":"737_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.11.4804-4810.1994","volume":"62","author":"RE Barnewall","year":"1994","unstructured":"Barnewall RE, Rikihisa Y (1994) Abrogation of gamma interferon-induced inhibition of Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in human monocytes with iron-transferrin. Infect Immun 62(11):4804\u20134810","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"737_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.08.003","volume":"156","author":"AP Laddha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laddha AP, Kulkarni YA (2019) VEGF and FGF-2: Promising targets for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Respir Med 156:33\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.08.003","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"737_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.02.018","volume":"53","author":"K Kikuchi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kikuchi K, Hoashi T, Kanazawa S et al (2005) Angiogenic cytokines in serum and cutaneous lesions of patients with polyarteritis nodosa. J Am Acad Dermatol 53(1):57\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.02.018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"737_CR25","first-page":"23","volume":"124","author":"L Pulsatelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pulsatelli L, Boiardi L, Assirelli E et al (2020) Imbalance between angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in sera from patients with large-vessel vasculitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 124(2):23\u201330","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"key":"737_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/893106","volume":"2014","author":"P van den Borne","year":"2014","unstructured":"van den Borne P, Quax PH, Hoefer IE et al (2014) The multifaceted functions of CXCL10 in cardiovascular disease. Biomed Res Int 2014:893106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/893106","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"737_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.10.010","volume":"13","author":"A Antonelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Giuggioli D et al (2014) Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)10 in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 13(3):272\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.10.010","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"737_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2004.01.010","volume":"9","author":"J Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang J, Richmond A (2004) The angiostatic activity of interferon-inducible protein-10\/CXCL10 in human melanoma depends on binding to CXCR3 but not to glycosaminoglycan. Mol Ther 9(6):846\u2013855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2004.01.010","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"737_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.060772","volume":"66","author":"F Lavie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lavie F, Miceli-Richard C, Ittah M et al (2007) Increase of B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) after rituximab treatment: insights into a new regulating system of BAFF production. Ann Rheum Dis 66(5):700\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2006.060772","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"737_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520112113","volume":"113","author":"C Havenar-Daughton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Havenar-Daughton C, Lindqvist M, Heit A et al (2016) CXCL13 is a plasma biomarker of germinal center activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113(10):2702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1520112113","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"737_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq337","volume":"50","author":"S Rosengren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rosengren S, Wei N, Kalunian KC et al (2011) CXCL13: a novel biomarker of B-cell return following rituximab treatment and synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 50(3):603\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq337","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"}],"container-title":["Medical Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00430-022-00737-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00430-022-00737-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00430-022-00737-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T08:04:47Z","timestamp":1652774687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00430-022-00737-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00430-022-00737-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8584","1432-1831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8584","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"PEL has been an external scientific expert to Valneva Austria GmbH, Vienna, Austria and Pfizer Inc, US. The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All the procedures performed in the studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the regional research committees and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all the individual participants included in the study and the authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate\/publish"}}]}}