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Immune responses to rickettsial infections have so far mainly been investigated in vitro with infected endothelial cells as the main target cells, and in mouse models. Patient studies are rare and little is known about the immunology of human infections. In this study, inflammatory mediators and T cell responses were examined in samples from 13 patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed<jats:italic>R. africae<\/jats:italic>infections at different time points of illness. The Th1-associated cytokines IFN\u03b3 and IL-12 were increased in the acute phase of illness, as were levels of the T cell chemoattractant cytokine CXCL-10. In addition, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and also IL-22 were elevated. IL-22 but not IFN\u03b3 was increasingly produced by CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells during illness. Besides IFN\u03b3, IL-22 appears to play a protective role in rickettsial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-022-00738-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T13:06:22Z","timestamp":1652274382000},"page":"143-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inflammatory cytokine profile and T cell responses in African tick bite fever patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"211","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4499-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Rauch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Jochum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Eisermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Gisbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"V\u00f6lker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Hunstig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Mehlhoop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Muntau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Tappe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"738_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440220125016","volume":"157","author":"P Brouqui","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brouqui P, Harle JR, Delmont J, Frances C, Weiller PJ, Raoult D (1997) African tick-bite fever. 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