{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T03:22:35Z","timestamp":1740108155640,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004477","name":"Stellenbosch University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004477","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med Microbiol Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carl Fl\u00fcgge is best known for the promotion of studies demonstrating the transmission of all manner of infections, but particularly tuberculosis, by coughed droplets. But it is seldom recognised that Fl\u00fcgge was also influential in a number of other fields comprising the practice of hygiene. One-hundred years following his death in 1923, we review literature related to the studies of Fl\u00fcgge and his colleagues and students and illustrate the particular emphasis he laid upon the environment within which disease and its transmission might be fostered or prevented, embracing and studying aspects essential to the health of any community ranging from fundamental microbiology in the laboratory to subjects as disparate as housing, clean water supply, nutrition, sanitation, socio-economic circumstances and climate. Very early in his career he promoted breast feeding for the prevention of seasonal gastro-enteritis and later the sheltering of cough as a means of preventing the transmission of infected respiratory droplets, not only as regards tuberculosis, but also concerning all manner of other respiratory infections. By the time of Fl\u00fcgge\u2019s death the complexification of available scientific methodologies comprising hygiene made it difficult for any individual to comprehend and study the wide range of hygiene-related subjects such as Fl\u00fcgge did. Carl Fl\u00fcgge was one of the last holistic hygienists and an originator of the study of environmental health as a pillar of hygiene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-024-00801-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T12:58:54Z","timestamp":1722603534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carl Fl\u00fcgge, one of the last holistic hygienists and discoverer of droplet transmission of infectious diseases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"213","author":[{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Donald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan H.E.","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Schaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Thee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"801_CR1","first-page":"179","volume":"22","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1897","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1897) Ueber Luftinfection. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 22:179\u2013224","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1205196","volume":"42","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1897","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1897) Ueber die n\u00e4chsten Aufgaben Zur Erforschung Der Verbreitungsweise Der Phthise. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 42:665\u2013668","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"801_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02198683","volume":"30","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1899","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1899) Die Verbreitung Der Pthise Durch staubf\u04e7rmiges Sputum Und Durch Beim Husten Verspritzte Tr\u04e7pfchen. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 30:107\u2013124","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112380307","volume-title":"Grundriss Der Hygiene","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1912","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1912) Grundriss Der Hygiene. Veit & Comp, Leipzig"},{"key":"801_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044","volume":"23","author":"L Bourouiba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bourouiba L (2021) Fluid Dynamics of Respiratory Infectious diseases. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 23:547\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"801_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210049","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2021.0049","volume":"11","author":"K Randall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Randall K, Ewing ET, Marr LC, Jimenez JL, Bourouiba L (2021) How did we get here: what are droplets and aerosols and how far do they go? A historical perspective on the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases. Interface Focus 11(6):20210049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsfs.2021.0049","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"issue":"8","key":"801_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13070","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.13070","volume":"32","author":"JL Jimenez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jimenez JL, Marr LC, Randall K, Ewing ET, Tufekci Z, Greenhalgh T, Tellier R, Tang JW, Li Y, Morawska L, Mesiano-Crookston J, Fisman D, Hegarty O, Dancer SJ, Bluyssen PM, Buonanno G, Loomans M, Bahnfleth WP, Yao M, Sekhar C, Wargocki P, Melikov AK, Prather KA (2022) What were the historical reasons for the resistance to recognizing airborne transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic? Indoor Air 32(8):e13070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ina.13070","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"801_CR8","first-page":"726","volume":"45","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1897","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1897) Erwiderung auf Dr C Wisseman\u2019s Bemerkungen zu Meiner Mittheilung Ueber die n\u00e4chsten Aufgaben Zur Erforschung Der Verbreitungsweise Der Phthise. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 45:726\u2013727","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"801_CR9","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Pathologische Untersuchungen","author":"J Henle","year":"1840","unstructured":"Henle J (1840) Von den Miasmen Und Contagien und von den miasmatisch-contagi\u00f6sen Krankheiten. In: Henle J (ed) Pathologische Untersuchungen. August Hirschwald, Berlin, pp 1\u201382"},{"issue":"11","key":"801_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1105-1063","volume":"6","author":"SH Kaufmann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaufmann SH, Winau F (2005) From bacteriology to immunology: the dualism of specificity. Nat Immunol 6(11):1063\u20131066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ni1105-1063","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"801_CR11","first-page":"316","volume":"3","author":"W Thom","year":"1987","unstructured":"Thom W (1987) Carl Fl\u00fcgges Beitrag Zur Herausbildung Der Umwelthygiene. Z Gesamte Hyg 3:316\u2013317","journal-title":"Z Gesamte Hyg"},{"key":"801_CR12","volume-title":"Die Mikroorganismen","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1886","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1886) Die Mikroorganismen. Verlag FCW Vogel, Leipzig"},{"key":"801_CR13","volume-title":"Die verbreitungsweise und Abwehr Der Cholera","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1893","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1893) Die verbreitungsweise und Abwehr Der Cholera. Veit & Comp., Leipzig"},{"key":"801_CR14","first-page":"276","volume":"29","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1898","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1898) Die Wohnungsdesinfection Durch Formaldehyd. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 29:276\u2013308","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR15","volume-title":"Grossstadtwohnungen Und Kleinhaussiedlungen in Ihrer Einwirkung Auf die Volksgesundheit. Eine Kritische Er\u00f6rterung f\u00fcr \u00c4rzte, Verwaltungsbeamte Und Baumeister","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1916","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1916) Grossstadtwohnungen Und Kleinhaussiedlungen in Ihrer Einwirkung Auf die Volksgesundheit. Eine Kritische Er\u00f6rterung f\u00fcr \u00c4rzte, Verwaltungsbeamte Und Baumeister. Fischer, Jena"},{"key":"801_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glohj.2021.07.003","volume":"5","author":"K Lange","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lange K (2021) Rudolf Virchow, poverty and global health: from politics as medicine on a grand scale to health in all policies. Glob Health J 5:149\u2013154","journal-title":"Glob Health J"},{"key":"801_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02898030","volume":"12","author":"W Locher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Locher W (2007) Max Von Pettenkofer (1818\u20131901) as a Pioneer of Modern Hygiene and Preventive Medicine. Environ Health Prev Med 12:238\u2013245","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"801_CR18","unstructured":"Tappeiner H (1877) Die Erzeugung allgemeiner Miliartuberkulose Durch Einatmung zerst\u00e4ubter phthisischer Sputa. Wiener Med Presse : 1389\u20131392"},{"key":"801_CR19","first-page":"190","volume":"8","author":"H Buchner","year":"1888","unstructured":"Buchner H, Enderlen E (1888) Inhalation Von Nass zerst\u00e4ubten Milzbrand-Sporen und -St\u00e4bchen und Von H\u00fchnercholerabacillen. Arch Hyg 8:190\u2013216","journal-title":"Arch Hyg"},{"key":"801_CR20","first-page":"217","volume":"8","author":"H Buchner","year":"1888","unstructured":"Buchner H (1888) Specielle Bedingungen Des Durchtrittes Von Infectionserregern Durch die intacte Lungenoberfl\u00e4che. Arch Hyg 8:217\u2013245","journal-title":"Arch Hyg"},{"key":"801_CR21","volume-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge Zur Hygiene","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1879","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1879) Beitr\u00e4ge Zur Hygiene. Veit & Comp, Leipzig"},{"key":"801_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112390788","volume-title":"Lehrbuch Der Hygienischen Untersuchungsmethoden","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1881","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1881) Lehrbuch Der Hygienischen Untersuchungsmethoden. Veit & Comp, Leipzig"},{"key":"801_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1143432","volume":"52","author":"A Nicolaier","year":"1884","unstructured":"Nicolaier A (1884) Ueber infecti\u00f6sen Tetanus. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 52:842\u2013843","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"801_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1133116","volume":"50","author":"M Hahn","year":"1924","unstructured":"Hahn M (1924) Carl Fl\u00fcgge. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 50:20\u201321","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"801_CR25","volume-title":"Carl Fl\u00fcgge: Erster Hygieniker Der Universit\u00e4t Breslau","author":"M Pietsch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pietsch M (2021) Carl Fl\u00fcgge: Erster Hygieniker Der Universit\u00e4t Breslau. Senfkorn, G\u00f6rlitz"},{"key":"801_CR26","unstructured":"T\u00f6pfer S (2007) Forschungsgebiete und wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter des Hygienikers Carl Fl\u00fcgge in seiner Breslau Zeit. Dissertation, Mainz"},{"key":"801_CR27","volume-title":"Carl Fl\u00fcgge (1847\u20131923) Integrator Der Hygiene","author":"H Horn","year":"1992","unstructured":"Horn H, Thom W (1992) Carl Fl\u00fcgge (1847\u20131923) Integrator Der Hygiene. mhp-Verlag GmbH, Wiesbaden"},{"key":"801_CR28","first-page":"467","volume":"11","author":"R Koch","year":"1884","unstructured":"Koch R (1884) Die \u00c4tiologie Der Tuberkulose. Mitt aus dem Kais Gesundheitsamte 11:467\u2013565","journal-title":"Mitt aus dem Kais Gesundheitsamte"},{"key":"801_CR29","first-page":"191","volume":"5","author":"G Cornet","year":"1889","unstructured":"Cornet G (1889) Die Verbreitung Der Tuberkelbacillen Ausserhalb Des K\u04e7rpers. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 5:191\u2013331","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02198685","volume":"30","author":"B Heymann","year":"1899","unstructured":"Heymann B (1899) \u00dcber die Ausstreuung infekti\u00f6ser Tr\u00f6pfchen Beim Husten Der Phthisiker. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 30:139\u2013162","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02140486","volume":"38","author":"B Heymann","year":"1901","unstructured":"Heymann B (1901) Versuche \u00fcber die Verbreitung Der Phthise durch ausgehustete Tr\u04e7pfchen und durch trockenen sputumstaub. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 38:21\u201393","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112382165","volume-title":"Die verbreitungsweise und Bek\u00e4mpfung Der Tuberkulose","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1908","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1908) Die verbreitungsweise und Bek\u00e4mpfung Der Tuberkulose. Veit & Comp, Leipzig"},{"key":"801_CR33","first-page":"205","volume":"32","author":"A Moeller","year":"1899","unstructured":"Moeller A (1899) Zur Verbreitungsweise Der Tuberkelpilze. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 32:205\u2013213","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02198684","volume":"30","author":"P Laschtschenko","year":"1899","unstructured":"Laschtschenko P (1899) \u00dcber Luftinfection Durch Beim Husten, Niesen und Sprechen Verspritzte Tr\u00f6pfchen. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 30:125\u2013138","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02140510","volume":"57","author":"H Ziesch\u00e9","year":"1907","unstructured":"Ziesch\u00e9 H (1907) \u00dcber die quantitativen Verh\u00e4ltnisse Der Tr\u00f6pfchenausstreuung durch hustende Pthisker. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 57:50\u201382","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR36","first-page":"416","volume":"105","author":"W Strau\u00df","year":"1925","unstructured":"Strau\u00df W (1925) \u00dcber die Bedeutung Der Tr\u00f6pfchen- Und Staubinfektion Bei Der Tuberkulose. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 105:416\u2013426","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR37","first-page":"175","volume":"27","author":"M Neisser","year":"1898","unstructured":"Neisser M (1898) Ueber Luftstaub-Infection. Ein Beitrag Zum Studium Der Infectionswege. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 27:175\u2013200","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02198687","volume":"30","author":"M Beninde","year":"1899","unstructured":"Beninde M (1899) Beitrag Zur Kenntniss Der Verbreitung Der Pthise durch verstaubtes Sputum. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 30:193\u2013200","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02198686","volume":"30","author":"R Sticher","year":"1899","unstructured":"Sticher R (1899) \u00dcber die Infektiosit\u00e4t in die Luft \u00fcbergef\u00fchrten tuberkelbazillienhaltigen staubes. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 30:163\u2013192","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02140448","volume":"34","author":"H Koeniger","year":"1900","unstructured":"Koeniger H (1900) Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Frage Der Tr\u04e7pfcheninfection. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 34:119\u2013168","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02140512","volume":"57","author":"H Findel","year":"1907","unstructured":"Findel H (1907) Vergleichende Untersuchungen \u00fcber inhalations- und F\u00fctterungstuberkulose. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 57:104\u2013153","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02217529","volume":"60","author":"Koehlisch","year":"1908","unstructured":"Koehlisch (1908) Untersuchungen \u00fcber die infektion mit Tuberkelbazillen Durch Inhalation Von Trockenem Sputumstaub. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 60:508\u2013540","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR43","first-page":"518","volume-title":"Grundriss Der Hygiene f\u0215r studierende und praktische \u04d2rzte, Medicinal- Und Verwaltungsbeamte","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1894","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1894) Aetiologie und Prophylaxis Der parasit\u00e4ren Krankheiten. 1. Tuberkulose. In: Fl\u00fcgge C (ed) Grundriss Der Hygiene f\u0215r studierende und praktische \u04d2rzte, Medicinal- Und Verwaltungsbeamte. Veit & Comp, Leipzig, pp 518\u2013521"},{"key":"801_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1205230","volume":"45","author":"C Wissemann","year":"1897","unstructured":"Wissemann C (1897) Ueber die n\u00e4chsten Aufgaben Zur Erforschung Der Verbreitungsweise Der Phthise. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 45:726\u2013727","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"issue":"5","key":"801_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0444OC","volume":"186","author":"K Fenelly","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fenelly K, Jones-L\u00f3pez E, Ayakaka I, Kim S, Menyha H, Kirenga B, Muchwa C, Joloba M, Dryden-Peterson S, Reilly N, Okwera A, Elliott A, Smith P, Mugerwa R, Eisenach K, Ellner J (2012) Variability of infectious aerosols produced during coughing by patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 186(5):450\u2013457","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"801_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201208-1422OC","volume":"187","author":"E Jones-L\u00f3pez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jones-L\u00f3pez E, Namugga O, Mumbowa F, Ssebidandi M, Mbabazi O, Moine S, Mboowa G, Fox M, Reilly N, Ayakaka I, Kim S, Okwera A, Joloba M, Fenelly K (2013) Cough aerosols of Mycobacterium tuberculosis predict new infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 187(9):1007\u20131015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"801_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30075-5","volume":"16","author":"C Acu\u00f1a-Villaordu\u00f1a","year":"2016","unstructured":"Acu\u00f1a-Villaordu\u00f1a C, White L, Fenelly K, Jones-L\u00f3pez E (2016) Tuberculosis transmission: sputum vs aerosols. Lancet Infect Dis 16(7):770\u2013771","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"801_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.12758.2","volume":"1","author":"B Patterson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patterson B, Morrow C, Singh V, Moosa A, Gqada M, Woodward J, Mizrahi V, Bryden W, Call C, Warner D, Wood R (2018) Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli in bio-aerosols from untreated TB patients. Gates Open Res 1:11","journal-title":"Gates Open Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"801_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0940-2","volume":"26","author":"G Theron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Theron G, Limberis J, Venter R, Smith L, Pietersen E, Esmail A, Calligaro G, Te Riele J, de Kock M, van Helden P, Gumbo T, Clark T, Fenelly K, Warren R, Dheda K (2020) Bacterial and host determinants of cough aerosol culture positivity in patients with drug-resistant versus drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Nat Med 26(9):1435\u20131443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0940-2","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"801_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02175466","volume":"93","author":"E Hippke","year":"1921","unstructured":"Hippke E (1921) Neue Versuche \u00fcber die Bedeutung Der Tr\u00f6pfcheninfektion f\u00fcr die Ausbreitung Der Lungenschwindsucht. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 93:122\u2013146","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1205052","volume":"26","author":"J Miculicz","year":"1897","unstructured":"Miculicz J (1897) \u00dcber Versuche, die antiseptische Wundbehandlung zu Einer Wirklich Keimfreien Methode zu Vervollkommen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 26:409\u2013441","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"801_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02217775","volume":"49","author":"C Fl\u00fcgge","year":"1905","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1905) Ueber Luftverunreinigung, W\u00e4rmestauung Und L\u00fcftung in Geschlossenen R\u00e4umen. Z Hyg Infektionskrankh 49:363\u2013387","journal-title":"Z Hyg Infektionskrankh"},{"key":"801_CR53","first-page":"866","volume":"83","author":"E Fee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fee E, Brown M (2005) The Public Health Act of 1848. Bull WHO 83:866\u2013867","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"801_CR54","first-page":"69","volume":"6","author":"L Baumgartner","year":"1934","unstructured":"Baumgartner L, Ramsey E (1934) Johann Peter Frank and his system einer vollstandigen medicinischen Polizey. Ann Med Hist 6:69\u201390","journal-title":"Ann Med Hist"},{"key":"801_CR55","unstructured":"Bartenstein L (1900) Zur Bek\u00e4mpfung der Phthise. Dissertation, Berlin"},{"key":"801_CR56","unstructured":"Fl\u00fcgge C (1903) Untersuchungen \u00fcber die hygienische Bedeutung einiger klimatischer Faktoren, insbesondere des Windes. In: Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Robert Koch, herausgegeben von seinen dankbaren Sch\u00fclern, Jena. p. 639"},{"key":"801_CR57","unstructured":"Donald M (2022) Human rights and the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment. Geneva Acad Brief 21"},{"key":"801_CR58","first-page":"1931","volume":"98","author":"W Liese","year":"1973","unstructured":"Liese W (1973) Gedenkblatt f\u00fcr Carl Fl\u00fcgge. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 98:1931\u20131933","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"}],"container-title":["Medical Microbiology and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00430-024-00801-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00430-024-00801-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00430-024-00801-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T08:06:11Z","timestamp":1735200371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00430-024-00801-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00430-024-00801-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8584","1432-1831"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0300-8584"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-1831"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"SK declares honoraria from LTS Lohmann Therapie-Systeme AG, Germany and Charit\u00e9 Cluster Advisory Board. He is coinventor of two patents: for the TB vaccine VPM1002 and for a biosignature for TB prognosis.The TB vaccine VPM1002 is licensed to Serum Life Science Europe GmbH (former Vakzine Projekt Management), Hannover, Germany and sublicensed to Serum Institute of India PVT. Ltd., Pune, India. The vaccine is currently undergoing phase III efficacy trial testing. SK is also coholder of a patent licensed to Serum Institute of India PVT. Ltd., Pune, India.SK is coinventor and coholder of a patent of a biosignature for TB prognosis.ST declares payments for lectures\/ presentations\/ manuscript writing from Vertex Pharmaceutical, Viatris and PARI GmbH. She has an unpaid leadership\/ fiduciary role in ERS crc AMR Lung.CL is supported by the German Center of Infection Research (DZIF). Outside of the scope of this work CL provided consultation service to INSMED (producer of liposomal amikacin as an inhalative suspension for the treatment of NTM-PD) and received speakers honoraria from INSMED, GILEAD, Astra Zeneca and GSK. Outside of the scope of this work CL is a member of the Data Safety Board of trials from Medicines sans Frontiers.PD and DS declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17"}}