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Recently, fungi and bacteria have been associated with various human tumor microenvironments, suggesting that dynamic cross-kingdom interactions may directly or indirectly contribute to tumor-associated processes. Here, we aimed to investigate whether cell-free supernatants from mono- and dual-species biofilms of the commonly associated fungus\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    could alter human monocyte responses that promote a tumor-related genetic signature in dysplastic oral epithelial (DOK) cells. Treatment of THP-1 monocytes with\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    cell-free supernatant increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF) and CD86 expression. However, exposure to cell-free supernatants from dual-species biofilm suppressed these responses. To determine the fungal virulence factors responsible,\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants deleted for genes involved in adhesion (\n                    <jats:italic>als3<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\/\u0394), hyphal growth (\n                    <jats:italic>efg1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\/\u0394\n                    <jats:italic>cph1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\/\u0394), or candidalysin production (\n                    <jats:italic>ece1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\/\u0394) were assessed during co-culture. While candidalysin was dispensable, loss of hyphal growth or the adhesin Als3p phenocopied effects of\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    mono-culture treatment. Conditioned medium from THP-1 cells initially challenged with mono- or dual-biofilm cell-free supernatants was applied to DOK cells to assess\n                    <jats:italic>TP53<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>BCL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression. Conditioned medium from\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    treated THP-1 cells led to decreased epithelial\n                    <jats:italic>TP53<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but increased\n                    <jats:italic>BCL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression, which was reversed by the presence of wild-type\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These phenotypes were similarly dependent on\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    hyphal growth during dual-biofilm co-culture. Collectively, our results reveal that fungal\u2013bacterial interactions may shape the monocyte\u2013epithelial axis by orchestrating immune responses that enhance tumor-associated gene expression in dysplastic oral epithelial cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-026-00880-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T08:32:05Z","timestamp":1781857925000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Candida albicans hyphae modulate Staphylococcus aureus cell-free supernatant during dual biofilm growth to drive molecular signatures of oral dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"215","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6979-625X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freddy H.","family":"Marin-Dett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8558-0515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateus P.","family":"Grejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3942-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8317-2531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana P.","family":"Pala\u00e7on","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6714-6253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Bufalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0445-2077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian M.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0078-1172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula A.","family":"Barbugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"880_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2018.2.274","volume":"4","author":"DM Patrick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patrick DM (2018) Extracellular polymeric substances, a key element in understanding biofilm phenotype. 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