{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:17:33Z","timestamp":1791091053316,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,23]],"date-time":"2013-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-1932-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,22]],"date-time":"2013-01-22T07:57:54Z","timestamp":1358841474000},"page":"721-732","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Cardiovascular disease in childhood: the role of obesity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"172","author":[{"given":"Despina","family":"Herouvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Karanasios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Karayianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Karavanaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1932_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.9.2070","volume":"20","author":"Y Aggoun","year":"2000","unstructured":"Aggoun Y, Bonnet D, Sidi D, Girardet JP, Brucker E, Polak M, Safar ME, Levy BI (2000) Arterial mechanical changes in children with familial hyperholesterolemia. ThrombVasc Biol 20:2070\u20132075","journal-title":"ThrombVasc Biol"},{"key":"1932_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5375","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030722","volume":"88","author":"AA Ahimastos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ahimastos AA, Formosa M, Dart AM, Kingwell BA (2003) Gender differences in large artery stiffness pre- and postpuberty. J Clin Endocr Metab 88:5375\u20135380","journal-title":"J Clin Endocr Metab"},{"key":"1932_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.08.007","volume":"138","author":"P Arnaiz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arnaiz P, Acevedo M, Barja S, Aglony M, Guzm\u00e1n B, Cassis B, Carvajal J, Moreno M, Navarrete C, Berr\u00edos X (2010) Adiponectin levels, cardio-metabolic risk factors and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in children. Int J Cardiol 138:138\u2013144","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"1932_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1155\/MI.2005.180","volume":"2005","author":"AD Aygun","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aygun AD, Gungor S, Ustundag B, Gurgoze MK, Sen Y (2005) Proinflammatory cytokines and leptin are increased in serum of prepubertal obese children. Mediators Inflamm 2005:180\u2013183","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"1932_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0581","volume":"29","author":"F Bacha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bacha F, Saad R, Gungor N, Arslanian SA (2006) Are obesity-related metabolic risk factors modulated by the degree of insulin resistance in adolescents? Diabetes Care 29:1599\u20131604","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1932_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.11.033","volume":"146","author":"P Balagopal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Balagopal P, George D, Patton N, Yarandi H, Roberts WL, Bayne E, Gidding S (2005) Lifestyle-only intervention attenuates the inflammatory state associated with obesity: a randomized controlled study in adolescents. J Pediatr 146:342\u2013348","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.77.5.381","volume":"77","author":"M Barker","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barker M, Robinson S, Osmond C, Barker DJ (1997) Birth weight and body fat distribution in adolescent girls. Arch Dis Child 77:381\u2013383","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"1932_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2011.204","volume":"33","author":"M Barton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barton M (2012) Childhood obesity: a life-long health risk. Acta Pharmacol Sin 33:189\u2013193","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"1932_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.99.16.2219\/c","volume":"99","author":"JP Bastard","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bastard JP, Jardel C, Delattre J, Hainque B, Bruckert E, Oberlin F (1999) Evidence for a link between adipose tissue interleukin-6 content and serum c-reactive protein concentrations in obese subjects. Circulation 99:2221\u20132222","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1932_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0619","volume":"92","author":"V Beauloye","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beauloye V, Zech F, Mong HTT, Clapuyt P, Maes M, Brichard SM (2007) Determinants of early atherosclerosis in obese children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrin Metab 92:3025\u20133032","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrin Metab"},{"key":"1932_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0779","volume":"92","author":"LM Bell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bell LM, Watts K, Siafarikas A, Thompson A, Ratnam N, Bulsara M, Finn J, O\u2019Driscoll G, Green DJ, Jones TW, Davis EA (2007) Exercise alone reduces insulin resistance in obese children independently of changes in body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:4230\u20134235","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1932_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806043382302","volume":"338","author":"GS Berenson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP III, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA (1998) Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med 338:1650\u20131656","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1932_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.9.3042","volume":"96","author":"K Bhagat","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bhagat K, Balance P (1997) Inflammatory cytokines impair endothelium dependent dilatation in human veins in vivo. Circulation 96:3042\u20133047","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1932_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0476","volume":"93","author":"VM Cambuli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cambuli VM, Musiu MC, Incani M, Paderi M, Serpe R, Marras V, Cossu E, Cavallo MG, Mariotti S, Loche S, Baroni MG (2008) Assessment of adiponectin and leptin as biomarkers of positive metabolic outcomes after lifestyle intervention in overweight and obese children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:3051\u20133057","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1932_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050603","volume":"39","author":"S Caprio","year":"1996","unstructured":"Caprio S, Bronson M, Sherwin RS, Rife F, Tamborlane WV (1996) Co-existence of severe insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in pre-adolescent obese children. Diabetologia 39:1489\u20131497","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1932_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.5543\/tkda.2011.01694","volume":"39","author":"A Celik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Celik A, Oz\u00e7etin M, Yerli Y, Damar IH, Kad\u0131 H, Koc F, Ceyhan K (2011) Increased aortic pulse wave velocity in obese children. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 39:557\u2013562","journal-title":"Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars"},{"key":"1932_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.6.1042","volume":"49","author":"W Chen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chen W, Bao W, Begum S, Elkasabany A, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS (2000) Age-related patterns of the clustering of cardiovascular risk variables of syndrome X from childhood to young adulthood in a population made up of black and white subjects: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Diabetes 49:1042\u20131048","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1932_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.4.348","volume":"87","author":"YF Cheung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cheung YF, Brogan PA, Pilla CB, Dillon MJ, Redington AN (2002) Arterial distensibility in children and teenagers: normal evolution and the effect of childhood vasculitis. Arch Dis Child 87:348\u2013351","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"1932_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.025999","volume":"89","author":"YF Cheung","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cheung YF, Wong KY, Lam BCC, Tsoi NS (2004) Relation of arterial stiffness with gestational age and birth weight. Arch Dis Child 89:217\u2013221","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"1932_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282ef48b2","volume":"25","author":"A Chiolero","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chiolero A, Cachat F, Burnier M, Paccaud F, Bovet P (2007) Prevalence of hypertension in school children based on repeated measurements and association with overweight. J Hypertens 25:2209\u20132217","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"1932_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.5956","volume":"24","author":"AY Chow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chow AY, Chin C, Dahl G, Rosenthal DN (2006) Anthracyclines cause endothelial injury in pediatric cancer patients: a pilot study. J Clin Oncol 24:925\u2013928","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1932_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1736-2","volume":"171","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cohen MS (2012) Clinical practice: the effect of obesity in children with congenital heart disease. Eur J Pediatr 171:1145\u20131150","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00312-3","volume":"149","author":"DG Cook","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cook DG, Mendall MA, Whincup PH, Carey IM, Ballam L, Morris JE, Miller GJ, Strachan DP (2000) C-reactive protein concentration in children: relationship to adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis 149:139\u2013150","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"1932_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.8.821","volume":"157","author":"S Cook","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cook S, Weitzman M, Auinger P, Nguyen M, Dietz WH (2003) Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from NHANES-III, 1988\u20131994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157:821\u2013827","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"1932_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-001-0766-5","volume":"45","author":"P Dandona","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dandona P, Aljada A, Mohanty P (2002) The anti-inflammatory and potential anti-atherogenic effect of insulin: a new paradigm. Diabetologia 45:924\u2013930","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1932_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000161369.71722.10","volume":"111","author":"SR Daniels","year":"2005","unstructured":"Daniels SR, Arnett DK, Eckel RH, Gidding SS, Hayman LL, Kumanyika S, Robinson TN, Scott BJ, St Jeor S, Williams CL (2005) Overweight in children and adolescents: pathophysiology, consequences, prevention, and treatment. Circulation 111:1999\u20132012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1932_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2008.00806.x","volume":"28","author":"F Dangardt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dangardt F, Osika W, Volkmann R, Gan LM, Friberg P (2008) Obese children show increased intimal wall thickness and decreased pulse wave velocity. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 28:287\u2013293","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"1932_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200303000-00004","volume":"21","author":"JI Davies","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davies JI, Struthers AD (2003) Pulse wave analysis and pulse wave velocity: a critical review of their strengths and weaknesses. J Hypertens 21:463\u2013472","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"1932_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4601.099486","volume":"104","author":"PH Davis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Davis PH, Dawson JD, Riley WA, Lauer RM (2001) Carotid intima-medial thickness is related to cardiovascular risk factors measured from childhood through middle age: the Muscatine Study. Circulation 104:2815\u20132819","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1932_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.5.955","volume":"59","author":"WH Dietz","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dietz WH (1994) Critical periods in childhood for the development of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 59:955\u2013999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1932_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601852","volume":"58","author":"D Dixon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dixon D, Goldberg R, Schneiderman N, Delamater A (2004) Gender differences in TNF-\u03b1 levels among obese vs nonobese latino children. Eur J Clin Nutr 58:696\u2013699","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1932_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66378-7","volume":"365","author":"RH Eckel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ (2005) The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 365:1415\u20131428","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1932_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20079","volume":"16","author":"JC Eisenmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eisenmann JC, Welk GJ, Wickel EE, Blair SN (2004) Stability of variables associated with the metabolic syndrome from adolescence to adulthood: the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Am J Hum Biol 16:690\u2013696","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"1932_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-5-4","volume":"5","author":"RJ Esper","year":"2006","unstructured":"Esper RJ, Nordaby RA, Vilarino JO, Paragano A, Cacharr\u00f3n JL, Machado RA (2006) Endothelial dysfunction: a comprehensive appraisal. Cardiovasc Diabetol 5:4","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1932_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.105141","volume":"136","author":"A Fagot-Campagna","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM, Burrows NR, Geiss LS, Valdez R, Beckles GL, Saaddine J, Gregg EW, Williamson DF, Narayan KM (2000) Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: an epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. Pediatr 136:664\u2013672","journal-title":"Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1336","volume":"145","author":"JN Fain","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fain JN, Madan AK, Hiler ML, Cheema P, Bahouth SW (2004) Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans. Endocrinology 145:2273\u20132282","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"1932_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802515","volume":"28","author":"DS Freedman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Tang R, Mensah GA, Bond MG, Urbina EM, Srinivasan S, Berenson GS (2004) The relation of obesity throughout life to carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28:159\u2013166","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"1932_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2002.15.7.1011","volume":"15","author":"O Friedland","year":"2002","unstructured":"Friedland O, Nemet D, Gorodnitsky N, Wolach B, Eliakim A (2002) Obesity and lipid profiles in children and adolescents. J Ped Endocrinol Metab 15:1011\u20131016","journal-title":"J Ped Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1932_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.112898","volume":"138","author":"ES Ford","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ford ES, Galuska DA, Gillespie C, Will JC, Giles WH, Dietz WH (2001) C-reactive protein and body mass index in children: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994. J Pediatr 138:486\u2013492","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.9.1348","volume":"23","author":"S Gallistl","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gallistl S, Sudi KM, Mangge H, Wolfgang E, Borkenstein M (2000) Insulin is an independent correlate of plasma homocysteine levels in obese children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 23:1348\u20131352","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1932_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0437","volume":"90","author":"M Gerber","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gerber M, Boettner A, Seidel B, Lammert A, B\u00e4r J, Schuster E, Thiery J, Kiess W, Kratzsch J (2005) Serum resistin levels of obese and lean children and adolescents: biochemical analysis and clinical relevance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:4503\u20134509","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1932_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2008.23.1.35","volume":"23","author":"TY Gil","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gil TY, Sung CY, Shim SS, Hong YM (2008) Intima-media thickness and pulse wave velocity in hypertensive adolescents. J Korean Med Sci 23:35\u201340","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"1932_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-010-1356-7","volume":"170","author":"P Giordano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Giordano P, Delvecchio GC, Cecinati V, Delvecchio M, Altomare M, De Palma F, De Mattia D, Cavallo L, Faienza MF (2011) Metabolic, inflammatory, endothelial and haemostatic markers in a group of Italian obese children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 170:845\u2013850","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.03.004","volume":"54","author":"B Glowinska","year":"2005","unstructured":"Glowinska B, Urban M, Peczynska J, Florys B (2005) Soluble adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1) and selectins (sEselectin, sPselectin, sLselectin) levels in children and adolescents with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Metabolism 54:1020\u20131026","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1932_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541021","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/541021","volume":"2011","author":"J Grulich-Henn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grulich-Henn J, Lichtenstein S, H\u00f6rster F, Hoffmann GF, Nawroth PP, Hamann A (2011) Moderate weight reduction in an outpatient obesity intervention program significantly reduces insulin resistance and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in severely obese adolescents. Int J Endocrinol 2011:541021","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1932_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X08098850","volume":"14","author":"K Gul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gul K, Ahmadi N, Wang Z et al (2009) Digital thermal monitoring of vascular function: a novel tool to improve cardiovascular risk assessment. Vasc Med 14:143\u2013148","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"1932_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/60.1.5","volume":"60","author":"CN Hales","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hales CN, Barker DJ (2001) The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Br Med Bull 60:5\u201320","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"1932_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2007.00246.x","volume":"8","author":"MJ Haller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haller MJ, Stein J, Shuster J, Theriaque D, Silverstein J, Schatz DA, Earing MG, Lerman A, Mahmud FH (2007) Peripheral artery tonometry demonstrates altered endothelial function in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 8:193\u2013198","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"1932_CR49","first-page":"6","volume":"19","author":"NM Hamburg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamburg NM, Benjamin EJ (2009) Assessment of endothelial function using digital pulse amplitude tonometry. Cardiovasc Med 19:6\u201311","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"1932_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.08.072","volume":"97","author":"A Iannuzzi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iannuzzi A, Licenziati MR, Acampora C, Renis M, Agrusta M, Romano L, Valerio G, Panico S, Trevisan M (2006) Carotid artery stiffness in obese children with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 97:528\u2013531","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"1932_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.10.2506","volume":"27","author":"A Iannuzzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Iannuzzi A, Licenziati MR, Acampora C, Salvatore V, Auriemma L, Romano ML, Panico S, Rubba P, Trevisan M (2004) Increased carotid intima-media thickness and stiffness in obese children. Diabetes Care 27:2506\u20132508","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1932_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2004.03.023","volume":"53","author":"A Iannuzzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Iannuzzi A, Licenziati MR, Acampora C, Salvatore V, De Marco D, Mayer MC, De Michele M, Russo V (2004) Preclinical changes in the mechanical properties of abdominal aorta in obese children. Metabolism 53:1243\u20131246","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1932_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-42302010000100026","volume":"56","author":"D Ikeoka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ikeoka D, Mader JK, Pieber TR (2010) Adipose tissue, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Rev Assoc Med Bras 56:116\u2013121","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras"},{"key":"1932_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.060002722.x","volume":"60","author":"S Inokuchi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Inokuchi S, Kimura K, Sugaya T (2001) Hyperplastic vascular smooth muscle cells of the internal arteries in angiotensin II type 1a receptor null mutant mice. Kidney Int 60:722\u2013731","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1932_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.12.029","volume":"51","author":"HM Ippisch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ippisch HM, Inge TH, Daniels SR, Wang B, Khoury PR, Witt SA, Glascock BJ, Garcia VF, Kimball TR (2008) Reversibility of cardiac abnormalities in morbidly obese adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol 51:1342\u20131348","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1932_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H87","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2002.282.1.H87","volume":"282","author":"MJ J\u00e4rvisalo","year":"2002","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvisalo MJ, R\u00f6nnemaa T, Volanen I, Kaitosaari T, Kallio K, Hartiala JJ, Irjala K, Viikari JS, Simell O, Raitakari OT (2002) Brachial artery dilatation responses in healthy children and adolescents. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 282:H87\u2013H92","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"1932_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000129304.98566.D8","volume":"109","author":"MJ Jarvisalo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jarvisalo MJ, Lehtimaki T, Raitakari OT (2004) Determinants of arterial nitrate-mediated dilatation in children: role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, endothelial function, and carotid intima-media thickness. Circulation 109:2885\u20132889","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1932_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000024222.06463.21","volume":"22","author":"MJ Jarvisalo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jarvisalo MJ, Harmoinen A, Hakanen M, Paakkunainen U, Viikari J, Hartiala J, Lehtimaki T, Simell O, Raitakari OT (2002) Elevated serum C-reactive protein levels and early arterial changes in healthy children. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22:1323\u20131328","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"1932_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/17477160801954538","volume":"3","author":"AN Jeffery","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jeffery AN, Murphy MJ, Metcalf BS, Hosking J, Voss LD, English P, Sattar N, Wilkin TJ (2008) Adiponectin in childhood. Int J Pediatr Obes 3:130\u2013140","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"1932_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.7.278","volume":"7","author":"J Fang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fang J, Zhang JP, Luo CX, Xiao Mei Y, Lv LQ (2010) Carotid intima-media thickness in childhood and adolescent obesity relations to abdominal obesity, high triglyceride level and insulin resistance. Int J Med Sci 7:278\u2013283","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"1932_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000178834.26353.d5","volume":"23","author":"C Jourdan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jourdan C, Wuhl E, Litwin M, Fahr K, Trelewicz J, Jobs K, Schenk JP, Grenda R, Mehls O, Troger J, Schaefer F (2005) Normative values for intima-media thickness and distensibility of large arteries in healthy adolescents. J Hypertension 23:1707\u20131715","journal-title":"J Hypertension"},{"key":"1932_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000237666.78217.47","volume":"48","author":"M Juonala","year":"2006","unstructured":"Juonala M, Viikari JSA, Ronnemaa T, Helenius H, Taittonen L, Raitakari OT (2006) Elevated blood pressure in adolescent boys predicts endothelial dysfunction: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Hypertension 48:424\u2013430","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1932_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010112","volume":"365","author":"M Juonala","year":"2011","unstructured":"Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Berenson GS, Venn A, Burns TL, Sabin MA, Srinivasan SR, Daniels SR, Davis PH, Chen W, Sun C, Cheung M, Viikari JSA, Dwyer T, Raitakari OT (2011) Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med 365:1876\u20131885","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1932_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000245795.08139.70","volume":"26","author":"S Kapiotis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kapiotis S, Holzer G, Schaller G, Haumer M, Widhalm H, Weghuber D, Jilma B, R\u00f6ggla G, Wolzt M, Widhalm K, Wagner OF (2006) A proinflammatory state is detectable in obese children and is accompanied by functional and morphological vascular changes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26:2541\u20132546","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"1932_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1804-7","volume":"171","author":"P Karakosta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karakosta P, Georgiou V, Fthenou E, Margioris A, Castanas E, Kogevinas M, Kampa M, Chatzi L (2012) Gender-specific reference intervals for cord blood leptin in Crete, Greece. Eur J Pediatr 171:1563\u20131566","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.089953","volume":"54","author":"R Kelishadi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kelishadi R, Hashemi M, Mohammadifard N, Asgary S, Khavarian N (2008) Association of changes in oxidative and proinflammatory states with changes in vascular function after a lifestyle modification trial among obese children. Clin Chem 54:147\u2013153","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"1932_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.08.004","volume":"145","author":"AS Kelly","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kelly AS, Wetzsteon RJ, Kaiser DR, Steinberger J, Bank AJ, Dengel DR (2004) Inflammation, insulin, and endothelial function in overweight children and adolescents: the role of exercise. J Pediatr 145:731\u20137368","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.48.5.745","volume":"48","author":"YJ Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim YJ, Shim YH, Yoo JH, Lee K, Hong YM (2005) Measurement of the common carotid artery by ultrasound as a predictor of atherosclerosis in obese adolescents. Korean J Pediatr 48:745\u2013752","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1994.74.4.761","volume":"74","author":"AH Kissebah","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kissebah AH, Krakower GR (1994) Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol Rev 74:761\u2013811","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"1932_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2006.00270.x","volume":"8","author":"MD Klok","year":"2007","unstructured":"Klok MD, Jakobsdottir S, Drent ML (2007) The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: a review. Obes Rev 8:21\u201334","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1932_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7230.273","volume":"320","author":"D Lamont","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lamont D, Parker L, White M, Unwin N, Bennett SMA, Cohen M, Richardson D, Dickinson HO, Adamson A, Alberti KGMM, Craft AW (2000) Risk of cardiovascular disease measured by carotid intima-media thickness at age 49\u201351: life course study. BMJ 320:273\u2013278","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1932_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000227029.10536.e8","volume":"48","author":"MB Lande","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lande MB, Carson NL, Roy J, Meagher CC (2006) Effects of childhood primary hypertension on carotid intima-media thickness: a matched controlled study. Hypertension 48:40\u201344","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1932_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-010-1328-y","volume":"170","author":"C Lamotte","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lamotte C, Iliescu C, Libersa C, Gottrand F (2011) Increased intima-media thickness of the carotid artery in childhood: a systematic review of observational studies. Eur J Pediatr 170:719\u2013729","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0709","volume":"29","author":"JM Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee JM, Okumura MJ, Davis MM, Herman WH, Gurney JG (2006) Prevalence and determinants of insulin resistance among US adolescents: a population-based study. Diabetes Care 29:2427\u20132432","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1932_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.7.2233","volume":"96","author":"CPM Leeson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Leeson CPM, Whincup PH, Cook DG, Donald AE, Papacosta O, Lucas A, Deanfield JE (1997) Flow-mediated dilation in 9- to 11-year-old children. Circulation 96:2233\u20132238","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1932_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.4081\/pr.2010.e19","volume":"2","author":"MC Leoni","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leoni MC, Valsecchi C, Mantelli M, Marastoni L, Tinelli C, Marchi A, Castellazzi A (2010) Impact of child obesity on adipose tissue physiology: assessment of adipocytokines and inflammatory cytokines as biomarkers of obesity. Pediatric Reports 2:e19","journal-title":"Pediatric Reports"},{"key":"1932_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2004.00133.x","volume":"1","author":"T Lobstein","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R (2004) Obesity in children and young people:a crisis in public health. Obes Rev 1:4\u201385","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1932_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.61","volume":"34","author":"LJ Lloyd","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lloyd LJ, Langley-Evans SC, McMullen S (2010) Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond) 34:18\u201328","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"1932_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1735-3","volume":"171","author":"C Lydakis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lydakis C, Stefanaki E, Stefanaki S, Thalassinos E, Kavousanaki M, Lydaki D (2012) Correlation of blood pressure, obesity, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet with indices of arterial stiffness in children. Eur J Pediatr 171:1373\u20131382","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-821023","volume":"112","author":"H Mangge","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mangge H, Schauenstein K, Stoedier L, Griesl A, Maetz W, Borkenstein M (2004) Low grade infammation in juvenile obesity and type 1 diabetes associated with early signs in atherosclerosis. Exp Vlin End Diabetes 112:378\u2013382","journal-title":"Exp Vlin End Diabetes"},{"key":"1932_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.035","volume":"48","author":"AA Meyer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meyer AA, Kundt G, Lenschow U, Schuff-Werner P, Kienast W (2006) Improvement of early vascular changes and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children after a six-month exercise program. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:1865\u20131870","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1932_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0974","volume":"29","author":"EJ Mayer-Davis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mayer-Davis EJ, Rifas-Shiman SL, Zhou L, Hu FB, Colditz GA, Gillman MW (2006) Breast-feeding and risk for childhood obesity: does maternal diabetes or obesity status matter? Diabetes Care 29:2231\u20132237","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1932_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17477160902846187","volume":"3","author":"EC Murphy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Murphy EC, Carson L, Neal W (2009) Effects of an exercise intervention using Dance Revolution on endothelial function and other risk factors in overweight children. Int J Pediatr Obes 3:1\u201310","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"1932_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/14.4.361","volume":"14","author":"TS Nawrot","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nawrot TS, Hoppenbrouwers K, Den Hond E, Fagard RH, Staessen JA (2004) Prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking and overweight in older Belgian adolescents. Eur J Public Health 14:361\u2013365","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"1932_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200301000-00025","volume":"53","author":"D Nemet","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nemet D, Wang P, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Tanaka S, Engelman L, Cooper DM (2003) Adipocytokines, body composition, and fitness in children. Pediatr Res 53:148\u2013152","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"1932_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.2.S2.555","volume":"114","author":"NHBPEP National High Blood Pressure Education Program","year":"2004","unstructured":"NHBPEP National High Blood Pressure Education Program (2004) The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 114:555\u2013576","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1932_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0135-y","volume":"165","author":"A Niboshi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Niboshi A, Hamaoka K, Sakata K, Inoue F (2006) Characteristics of brachial\u2013ankle pulse wave velocity in Japanese children. Eur J Pediatr 165:625\u2013629","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-010-1375-4","volume":"170","author":"J Oldroyd","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oldroyd J, Renzaho A, Skouteris H (2011) Low and high birth weight as risk factors for obesity among 4 to 5-year-old Australian children: dose gender matter. Eur J Pediatr 170:899\u2013906","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.18.2165","volume":"102","author":"V Pasceri","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pasceri V, Willerson JT, Yeh ET (2000) Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation 102:2165\u20132168","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1932_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4467","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0863","volume":"91","author":"AS Pe\u00f1a","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a AS, Wiltshire E, MacKenzie K, Gent R, Piotto L, Hirte C, Couper J (2006) Vascular endothelial and smooth muscle function relates to body mass index and glucose in obese and non-obese children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:4467\u20134471","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1932_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2505","volume":"30","author":"AS Pena","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pena AS, Wiltshire E, Gent R, Piotto L, Hirte C, Couper J (2007) Folic acid does not improve endothelial function in obese children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 30:2122\u20132127","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1932_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(00)00622-6","volume":"67","author":"JC Pickup","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pickup JC, Chusney GD, Thomas SM, Burt D (2000) Plasma interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha and blood cytokine production in type 2 diabetes. Life Sci 67:291\u2013300","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"1932_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28701D","volume":"91","author":"G Raghuveer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Raghuveer G (2010) Lifetime cardiovascular risk of childhood obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 91:1514\u20131519","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1932_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2000.00277.x","volume":"50","author":"OT Raitakari","year":"2000","unstructured":"Raitakari OT, Celermajer DS (2000) Flow-mediated dilatation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 50:397\u2013404","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"1932_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197608122950701","volume":"295","author":"G Ravelli","year":"1976","unstructured":"Ravelli G, Stem ZA, Susser MW (1976) Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N Engl J Med 295:349\u2013353","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1932_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.5.811","volume":"70","author":"A Ravelli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ravelli A, Van Der Meulen J, Osmond C, Barker D, Bleker O (1999) Obesity at the age of 50 y in men and women exposed to famine prenatally. Am J Clin Nutr 70:811\u2013816","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1932_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.03.022","volume":"54","author":"T Reinehr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reinehr T, Stoffel-Wagner B, Roth CL, Andler W (2005) High-sensitive C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and cardiovascular risk factors before and after weight loss in obese children. Metabolism 54:1155\u20131161","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1932_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.028803","volume":"89","author":"T Reinehr","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reinehr T, Andler W (2004) Changes in the atherogenic risk factor profile according to degree of weight loss. Arch Dis Child 89:419\u2013422","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"1932_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000161959.04675.5A","volume":"111","author":"MM Ribeiro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ribeiro MM, Silva AG, Santos NS, Guazzelle I, Matos LN, Trombetta IC, Halpern A, Negr\u00e3o CE, Villares SM (2005) Diet and exercise training restore blood pressure and vasodilatory responses during physiological maneuvers in obese children. Circulation 111:1915\u20131923","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1932_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010129","volume":"151","author":"B Rosner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rosner B, Prineas R, Daniels SR, Loggie J (2000) Blood pressure differences between blacks and whites in relation to body size among US children and adolescents. Am J Epidemiol 151:1007\u20131019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1932_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.123364","volume":"53","author":"S Sakuragi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sakuragi S, Abhayaratna K, Gravenmaker KJ, O'Reilly C, Srikusalanukul W, Budge MM, Telford RD, Abhayaratna WP (2009) Influence of adiposity and physical activity on arterial stiffness in healthy children: the lifestyle of our kids study. Hypertension 53:611\u2013616","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1932_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199816110-00005","volume":"16","author":"C Sass","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sass C, Herbeth B, Chapet O, Siest G, Visvikis S, Zannad F (1998) Intima-media thickness and diameter of carotid and femoral arteries in children, adolescents and adults from the Stanislas cohort: effect of age, sex, anthropometry and blood pressure. J Hypertens 16:1593\u20131602","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"1932_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600576","volume":"52","author":"CJ Schorah","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schorah CJ, Devitt H, Lucock M, Dowell AC (1998) The responsiveness of plasma homocysteine to small increases in dietary folic acid: a primary care study. Eur J Clin Nutr 52:407\u2013411","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1932_CR104","first-page":"479","volume":"15","author":"RM Siervogel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Siervogel RM, Roche AF, Guo S, Mukherjee D, Chumlea WC (1991) Patterns of change in weight\/stature from 2 to 18\u00a0years:findings from long term serial data for children in the Fels Longitudinal Growth Study. Int J Obes 15:479\u2013485","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1932_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000237863.24000.50","volume":"48","author":"AR Sinaiko","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sinaiko AR, Steinberger J, Moran A, Hong CP, Prineas RJ, Jr Jacobs DR (2006) Influence of insulin resistance and body mass index at age 13 on systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at age 19. Hypertension 48:730\u2013736","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1932_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16210-7","volume":"363","author":"A Singhal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Singhal A, Lucas A (2004) Early origins of cardiovascular disease. Is there a unifying hypothesis. Lancet 363:1642\u20131645","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1932_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.6.993","volume":"75","author":"A Singhal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Singhal A, Sadaf Farooqi I, O\u2019Rahilly S, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A (2002) Early nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life. Am J Clin Nutr 75:993\u2013999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1932_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012578","volume":"346","author":"R Sinha","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, Tamborlane WV, Banyas B, Allen K, Savoye M, Rieger V, Taksali S, Barbetta G, Sherwin RS, Caprio S (2002) Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med 346:802\u2013810","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1932_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803397","volume":"30","author":"MR Skilton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Skilton MR, Celermajer DS (2006) Endothelial dysfunction and arterial abnormalities in childhood obesity. Int J Obes 30:1041\u20131049","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1932_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(96)90060-8","volume":"45","author":"SR Srinivasan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Wattigney WA, Berenson GS (1996) Adolescent overweight is associated with adult overweight and related multiple cardiovascular risk factors: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism 45:235\u2013240","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1932_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.11.63","volume":"9","author":"S Stabouli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stabouli S, Papakatsika S, Kotsis V (2011) The role of obesity, salt and exercise on blood pressure in children and adolescents. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 9:753\u2013761","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"1932_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191394","volume":"119","author":"J Steinberger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steinberger J, Daniels SR, Eckel RH, Lustig RH, McCrindle B, Mietus-Snyder ML (2009) Progress and challenges in metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association atherosclerosis, hypertension, and obesity in the young committee of the council on cardiovascular disease in the young, council on cardiovascular nursing, and council on nutrition, physical activity and metabolism. Circulation 119:628\u2013647","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1932_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000161797.67671.A7","volume":"111","author":"N Stettler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stettler N, Stallings VA, Troxel AB, Zhao J, Schinnar R, Nelson SE, Ziegler EE, Strom BL (2005) Weight gain in the first week of life and overweight in adulthood: a cohort study of European American subjects fed infant formula. Circulation 111:1897\u20131903","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1932_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.14310\/horm.2002.1111025","volume":"6","author":"C Stylianou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stylianou C, Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Farmakiotis D, Rousso I, Karamouzis M, Koliakos G, Nousia-Arvanitakis S (2007) Ghrelin and leptin levels in obese adolescents. Relationship with body fat and insulin resistance. Hormones 6:295\u2013303","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"1932_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.188","volume":"18","author":"KD Tambalis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tambalis KD, Panagiotakos DB, Kavouras SA, Kallistratos AA, Moraiti IP, Douvis SJ, Toutouzas PK, Sidossis LS (2009) Eleven-year prevalence trends of obesity in Greek children: first evidence that prevalence of obesity is leveling off. Obesity 18:161\u2013166","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"1932_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000168391.60884.93","volume":"8","author":"RW Taylor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taylor RW, Grant AM, Goulding A, Williams SM (2005) Early adiposity rebound: review of papers linking this to subsequent obesity in children and adults. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 8:607\u2013612","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"1932_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00062.2002","volume":"11","author":"DM Tham","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tham DM, Martin-McNulty B, Wang YX, Wilson DW, Vergona R, Sullivan ME, Dole W, Rutledge JC (2002) Angiotensin II is associated with activation of NF-B-associated genes and downregulation of PPARs. Physiol Genomics 11:21\u201330","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"1932_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1466-x","volume":"170","author":"D Thivel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thivel D, Isacco L, Lazaar N, Aucouturier J, Ratel S, Dore E, Meyer M, Duche P (2011) Effect of a 6-month school-based physical activity program on body composition and physical fitness in lean and obese schoolchildren. Eur J Pediatr 170:1435\u20131443","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06525-4","volume":"358","author":"P Tounian","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tounian P, Aggoun Y, Dubern B, Varille V, Guy-Grand B, Sidi D, Girardet JP, Bonnet D (2001) Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese children: a prospective study. Lancet 358:1400\u20131404","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1932_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199512000-00007","volume":"310","author":"RE Tracy","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tracy RE, Newman WP III, Wattigney WA, Berenson GS (1995) Risk factors and atherosclerosis in youth autopsy findings of the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Med Sci 310:37\u201341","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"1932_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17012","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.27.17012","volume":"272","author":"GR Upchurch Jr","year":"1997","unstructured":"Upchurch GR Jr, Welch GN, Fabian AJ, Freedman JE, Johnson JL, Keaney JF Jr, Loscalzo J (1997) Homocysteine decreases bioavailable NO by a mechanism involving glutathione peroxidase. J Biol Chem 272:17012\u201317017","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1932_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.830380","volume":"119","author":"EM Urbina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Urbina EM, Kimball TR, McCoy CE, Khoury PR, Daniels SR, Dolan LM (2009) Youth with obesity and obesity-related type 2 diabetes mellitus demonstrate abnormalities in carotid structure and function. Circulation 119:2913\u20132919","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1932_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/17477160600586747","volume":"1","author":"Y Wang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wang Y, Lobstein T (2006) Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes 1:11\u201325","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"1932_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.01.032","volume":"43","author":"K Watts","year":"2004","unstructured":"Watts K, Beye P, Siafarikas A, Davis EA, Jones TW, O'Driscoll G, Green DJ (2004) Exercise training normalizes vascular dysfunction and improves central adiposity in obese adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1823\u20131827","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1932_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115945","volume":"133","author":"LS Webber","year":"1991","unstructured":"Webber LS, Harsha DW, Phillips GT, Srinivasan SR, Simpson JW, Berenson GS (1991) Cardiovascular risk factors in Hispanic, white, and black children: the Brooks County and Bogalusa Heart studies. Am J Epidemiol 133:704\u2013714","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1932_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2008.00504.x","volume":"10","author":"R Weiss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weiss R, Shaw M, Savoye M, Caprio S (2009) Obesity dynamics and cardiovascular risk factor stability in obese adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 10:360\u2013367","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"1932_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532663","volume":"112","author":"PH Whincup","year":"2005","unstructured":"Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Donald AE, Katterhorn M, Oliver C, Cook DG, Deanfield JE (2005) Arterial distensibility in adolescents: the influence of adiposity, the metabolic syndrome, and classic risk factors. Circulation 112:1789\u20131797","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1932_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2007.00343.x","volume":"9","author":"TJ Wilkin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilkin TJ (2008) Diabetes: 1 and 2, or one and the same? Progress with the accelerator hypothesis. Pediatr Diabetes 9:23\u201332","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"1932_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000126599.47470.BE","volume":"109","author":"KS Woo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Woo KS, Chook P, Yu CW, Sung RY, Qiao M, Leung SS, Lam CW, Metreweli C, Celermajer DS (2004) Effects of diet and exercise on obesity-related vascular dysfunction in children. Circulation 109:1981\u20131986","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1932_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0302","volume":"118","author":"R Wunsch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wunsch R, De Sousa G, Toschke AM, Reinehr T (2006) Intima-media thickness in obese children before and after weight loss. Pediatrics 118:2334\u20132340","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1932_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2289","volume":"30","author":"D Yeste","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yeste D, Vendrell J, Tomasini R, Broch M, Gussiny\u00e9 M, Megia A, Carrascosa A (2007) Interleukin-6 in obese children and adolescents with and without glucose intolerance. Diabetes Care 30:1892\u20131894","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1932_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-08-0180","volume":"72","author":"M Yoshinaga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yoshinaga M, Sameshima K, Tanaka Y, Wada A, Hashiguchi J, Tahara H, Kono Y (2008) Adipokines and the prediction of the accumulation of cardio-vascular risk factors or the presence of metabolic syndrome in elementary school children. Circ J 72:1874\u20131878","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"1932_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-005-1642-y","volume":"164","author":"W Zhu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhu W, Huang X, He J, Li M, Neubauer H (2005) Arterial intima-media thickening and endothelial dysfunction in obese Chinese children. Eur J Pediatr 164:337\u2013344","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1932_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/15227950252852104","volume":"21","author":"AW Zieske","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zieske AW, Malcom GT, Strong JP (2002) Natural history and risk factors of atherosclerosis in children and youth: the PDAY study. Pediatr Pathol Mol Med 21:213\u2013237","journal-title":"Pediatr Pathol Mol Med"},{"key":"1932_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00997.x","volume":"98","author":"CC Zou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zou CC, Liang L, Wang CL, Fu JF, Zhao ZY (2009) The change in ghrelin and obestatin levels in obese children after weight reduction. Acta Paediatr 98:159\u2013165","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-013-1932-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-013-1932-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-013-1932-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T21:29:32Z","timestamp":1687987772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-013-1932-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,23]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-013-1932-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-6199","1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-6199","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,23]]}}}